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Balochi language

This article contains Balochi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Balochi letters or other symbols instead of Balochi script.
A speaker of Eastern Balochi

Balochi (بلۏچی, romanized: Balòci) is a Northwestern Iranian language, spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. In addition, there are speakers in Oman, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Turkmenistan, East Africa and in diaspora communities in other parts of the world.[2] The total number of speakers, according to Ethnologue, is 8.8 million.[1] Of these, 6.28 million are in Pakistan.[3]

According to Brian Spooner,[4]

Literacy for most Baloch-speakers is not in Balochi, but in Urdu in Pakistan and Persian in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now very few Baloch read Balochi, in any of the countries, even though the alphabet in which it is printed is essentially identical to Persian and Urdu.

Balochi belongs to the Western Iranian subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central Caspian region.[5]

Classification

Balochi is an Indo-European language, spoken by the Baloch and belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family. As an Iranian language, it is classified in the Northwestern group.

Glottolog classifies four different varieties, namely Koroshi, Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under a "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group.[6]

ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under the Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate.

Dialects

There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes.[7] The dialectal differences are not very significant.[7] One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes.[7] An isolated dialect is Koroshi, which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the Fars province. Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.[8]

The Balochi Academy Sarbaz has designed a standard alphabet for Balochi.[9][better source needed]

Phonology

Vowels

The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long and three short.[10][page needed] These are /aː/, /eː/, /iː/, /oː/, /uː/, /a/, /i/ and /u/. The short vowels have more centralized phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in Karachi also has nasalized vowels, most importantly /ẽː/ and /ãː/.[11][page needed] In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that is /aw/ and /ay/.[12]

Consonants

The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi.[13][page needed] The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as alveolar in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. Three (f, kh, gh) are very scarcely used. The symbol ń is used to denote nasalization of the preceding vowel.[12]

  1. ^ Official provincial status
  2. ^ Word-initial /h/ is dropped in Balochi as spoken in Karachi.
  3. ^ Words with /ʒ/ are uncommon.
  4. ^ The retroflex tap has a very limited distribution.

In addition, /f/ occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. /x/ (voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /χ/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /ɣ/ (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /ʁ/ (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ] and [wʱ]. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, [f θ x] and for voiced stops [β ð ɣ]. /n l/ are also dentalized as [n̪ l̪].[14]

Intonation

Difference between a question and a statement is marked will the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks the question and falling tone the statement.[12] Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence.[12]

Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence.[12]

Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation.[12]

Grammar

The normal word order is subject–object–verb. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features split ergativity. The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique and the verb agrees with the object.[15] Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost the Old Iranian gender distinctions.[5]

Numerals

Much of the Balochi number system is identical to Persian.[16] According to Mansel Longworth Dames, Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows:[17]

Notes
  1. ^ The latter ya is with nouns while yak is used by itself.

Writing system

Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century,[18] and the Persian script was used to write Balochi wherever necessary.[18] However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts.[citation needed]

British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script.[19] Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted the Persian alphabet. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nasir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Arabic Script. It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi is still written in a modified Arabic script based on Persian.[citation needed]

In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi.[20]

Old Balochi Alphabet

The following alphabet was used by Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi in his lexicon of Balochi Sayad Ganj (سید گنج) (lit. Sayad's Treasure).[21][22] Until the creation of the Balochi Standard Alphabet, it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and is still used very frequently.

آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے

Standard Perso-Arabic Alphabet

The Balochi Standard Alphabet, standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters.[23] It is an extension of the Perso-Arabic script and borrows a few glyphs from Urdu. It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in a professional setting and by educated folk.

Latin alphabet

The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000).[24]

Alphabetical order

a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw (33 letters and 2 digraphs)

References

  1. ^ a b Balochi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Eastern Balochi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Western Balochi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Southern Balochi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 319. ISBN 978-9004201453. It [Balochi] is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf states, Turkmenistan, East Africa, and diaspora communities in other parts of the world.
  3. ^ "Table 11 – Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  4. ^ Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 978-9004201453.
  5. ^ a b Elfenbein, J. (1988). "Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  6. ^ "Glottolog 4.3 – Balochic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Dames 1922, p. 1.
  8. ^ Borjian, Habib (December 2014). "The Balochi dialect of the Korosh". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 67 (4): 453–465. doi:10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.4.
  9. ^ "Main Balochi Language( Rèdagèn Balòci Zubàn )". Balochi Academy Sarbaz. 16 February 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  10. ^ Farrell 1990. Serge 2006.
  11. ^ Farrell 1990.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Jahani, Carina (2019). A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
  13. ^ Serge 2006. Farrell 1990.
  14. ^ JahaniKorn 2009, pp. 634–692.
  15. ^ "Balochi". National Virtual Translation Center. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  16. ^ Korn, Agnes (2006). "Counting Sheep and Camels in Balochi". Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Grjunberga (1930–1995). Nauka. pp. 201–212. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  17. ^ Dames 1922, pp. 13–15.
  18. ^ a b Dames 1922, p. 3.
  19. ^ Hussain, Sajid (18 March 2016). "Faith and politics of Balochi script". Balochistan Times. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  20. ^ "Script for Balochi language discussed". Dawn. Quetta. 28 October 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  21. ^ Shah Hashemi, Sayad Zahoor. "The First Complete Balochi Dictionary". Sayad Ganj. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  22. ^ "Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmi: A one-man institution". Balochistan Times. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Balochi Standarded Alphabet". BalochiAcademy.ir. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  24. ^ "Baluchi Roman ORTHOGRAPHY". Phrasebase.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  25. ^ Jahani, Carina (2019). A grammar of modern standard Balochi. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. ISBN 978-91-513-0820-3.

Bibliography

Further reading

Dictionaries and lexicographical works
Orthography
Courses and study guides
Etymological and historical studies
Dialectology
Language contact
Grammar and morphology
Semantics
Miscellaneous and surveys

External links

At Wikimedia Incubator:
Wikivoyage has phrasebook for Balochi.