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Решетчатая башня

Эйфелева башня , высота которой составляет 1083 фута (330 м) от основания до вершины, является, пожалуй, самым известным примером решетчатой ​​башни. Она была построена в 1889 году и до 1930 года была самым высоким искусственным сооружением в мире.

Решетчатая башня или ферменная башня — это отдельно стоящая вертикальная каркасная башня . Такая конструкция широко используется в опорах линий электропередач, несущих высоковольтные линии электропередач , в радиомачтах и ​​башнях (самоизлучающая башня или в качестве опоры для антенн ) и в наблюдательных вышках . Ее преимуществом является хорошая прочность на сдвиг при гораздо меньшем весе, чем у башни сплошной конструкции, а также меньшее сопротивление ветру.

В строительной инженерии термин «решетчатая башня» используется для обозначения отдельно стоящей конструкции , в то время как решетчатая мачта — это мачта с оттяжками, поддерживаемая растяжками . Решетки треугольного (трехстороннего) поперечного сечения наиболее распространены, особенно в Северной Америке. Квадратные (четырехсторонние) решетки также широко используются и наиболее распространены в Евразии. Решетчатая башня часто проектируется как пространственная рама или гиперболоидная конструкция .

До 1940 года они использовались в качестве радиопередающих вышек, особенно для коротких и средних волн. Иногда использовались решетчатые башни, состоящие из дерева. Самая высокая деревянная решетчатая башня была в Мюлакере , Германия. Она имела высоту 190 метров (620 футов) и была построена в 1934 году и снесена в 1945 году. Большинство деревянных решетчатых башен были снесены до 1960 года. В Германии последними большими радиовышками, состоящими из дерева, были передающие башни передатчика Гольм и передатчика Исманинг . Они были снесены в 1979 и 1983 годах соответственно.

Самая высокая отдельно стоящая решетчатая башня — Tokyo Skytree высотой 634 метра (2080 футов). Petronius Compliant Tower — самая высокая поддерживаемая решетчатая башня высотой 640 метров (2100 футов), частично затопленная. Город, наиболее известный решетчатыми башнями — Цинциннати , штат Огайо, в котором четыре башни превышают 900 футов в высоту. Токио — единственный город в мире, в котором есть более одной башни выше этой высоты.

Большинство самых высоких стальных решетчатых башен в мире на самом деле построены в воде и используются в качестве нефтяных платформ. Эти конструкции обычно строятся большими частями на суше, чаще всего в Техасе или Луизиане, а затем перевозятся на баржах к месту их последнего упокоения. Поскольку большая часть этих башен находится под водой, официальная высота таких конструкций часто является предметом спора. Стальные решетчатые фермы для этих конструкций, известные в нефтяной промышленности как кожухи, как правило, намного более прочные и усиленные, чем их наземные аналоги, иногда веся более 50 000 тонн, как в случае с платформами Bullwinkle и Baldpate , в то время как высокие (более 1000 футов) наземные решетчатые башни варьируются от высоких в 10 000 тонн, как в случае с Эйфелевой башней, до всего нескольких сотен тонн. Они построены по более высоким стандартам, чтобы выдерживать вес нефтяных платформ, построенных на них, и из-за сил, которым они подвергаются. В результате стоимость строительства этих сооружений может достигать сотен миллионов . Эти затраты оправданы за счет получаемых доходов от нефти и газа, тогда как наземные башни имеют гораздо меньший поток доходов, и поэтому капитальные затраты на башни, как правило, намного меньше.

Tokyo Skytree — самая высокая решетчатая башня в мире с момента ее завершения в 2012 году.
Токийская башня была самой высокой решетчатой ​​башней в мире в течение 16 лет, с 1957 по 1973 год, и остается самой высокой четырехгранной решетчатой ​​башней.
Телебашня WITI — самая высокая решетчатая башня в США и самая высокая трехгранная решетчатая башня в мире.
Башня Дракона , самая высокая решетчатая башня наблюдения и радиовещания в Китае, имеет сплошное ядро, наиболее распространенную конструкцию для высоких решетчатых башен, построенных в Китае.
Нефтяная платформа со стационарным стальным основанием (решетчатым) длиной 800 футов
Участок платформы Бенгела-Белиз Лобито-Томбоко длиной 250 м (820 футов), что составляет лишь около половины общей высоты конструкции.

Хронология строительства самой высокой в ​​мире решетчатой ​​башни

С конца 19 века строились высокие решетчатые башни. Решетчатые башни даже удерживали абсолютный рекорд высоты. Они входят в число самых высоких отдельно стоящих архитектурных сооружений и удерживают ряд национальных рекордов, таких как самое высокое отдельно стоящее или даже самое высокое сооружение страны.

Земельный кадастр, железные и стальные башни

Кадастровая книга, деревянные башни

Реестр земель и вод, в целом

Башни стальные решетчатые

Самые высокие решетчатые башни, все типы

Список всех сверхвысоких решетчатых башен в мире.

Решетчатые башни со смотровыми площадками

 указывает на сооружение, которое больше не существует.

Радиовышка с антеннами

Список радиовышек высотой более 150 м / 500 футов.

 указывает на сооружение, которое больше не существует.
 указывает на сооружение, высота которого изменилась или которое было перестроено.

Звездная башня , пример башни-достопримечательности
Московская башня Октод , пример гиперболоидной решетчатой ​​башни
Телебашня Чжучжоу , пример решетчатой ​​башни с твердым сердечником, около дюжины таких башен были построены в Китае в 90-х годах.
Башня Сутро , известная достопримечательность Сан-Франциско с необычной трехногой конструкцией
Передатчик Wavre имеет необычную конструкцию, в которой верхняя часть с растяжками удерживает передатчик на месте.
пример башни 3803 КМ , очень распространенной конструкции 4-сторонней решетчатой ​​башни, разработанной в Советском Союзе. Около 80 таких было построено почти в каждом крупном городе с 1956 по 1967 год
пример решётчатой ​​башни военного назначения типа «Аннаполис», ВМС США построили более 40 таких башен с 1914 по 1922 и с 1936 по 1938 гг.
пример типичной коммерческой 3-сторонней решетчатой ​​башни, тысячи которых были построены по всей Северной Америке, более 100 из которых находятся в списке. Используется много различных схем ферм, но общая конструкция во многом похожа

Электрические опоры

Список опор линий электропередач высотой более 150 м / 500 футов.

Вид на одну из решетчатых башен Цзянъинь, третью по высоте группу электрических опор в мире.
Мессинские опоры раньше соединяли Европу с Африкой, сегодня используется подводный кабель
Пересечение Эльбы 2 самые высокие электрические опоры в Германии
Линия электропередач Тюси пересекает самые высокие опоры линий электропередач в Японии
Темза 400 кВ пересекает самые высокие опоры линий электропередач в Соединенном Королевстве

Ветровые турбины

Новотомысльские ветряные турбины

Высокие ветряные турбины, поддерживаемые решеткой, самые высокие были построены почти исключительно в Германии, одной из первых стран в мире, которая построила широко распространенные возобновляемые источники энергии. Общая высота включает решетчатую башню и ротор ветряной турбины на пиковой высоте.

Список ветровых турбин с решетчатой ​​башней высотой более 150 м / 500 футов.

Дымоходы/дымоходы

Три решетчатые трубы, расположенные на электростанции Касима

Большинство высоких решетчатых дымоходов в мире находятся в Японии. В отличие от других современных развитых стран, которые используют железобетон для строительства высоких дымоходов, Япония до недавнего времени исторически использовала сталь для строительства дымоходов.

Список решетчатых дымовых труб высотой более 150 м/492 фута.
 указывает на сооружение, которое больше не существует.

Oil Platforms

List of oil platforms with a steel jacket above 300 m / 1000 ft in height.

Jackup Rigs

List of jackup rigs above 150 m (490 ft) in height.

Pillars of aerial tramways

Rides

List of amusement park rides that make use of a steel lattice tower above 100 m / 328 ft in height.

Monuments

Lighthouses

The Duga radar array

Other uses

Wooden lattice towers

Radio Tower Gliwice is the tallest wooden lattice tower in the world

Existing towers

Destroyed Wooden lattice towers

Tallest lattice towers, by design type

List of the tallest lattice towers by common(min 5) design types.

Unique lattice tower designs. Minimum height of 120 m / 400 ft.
  indicates a structure that is no longer standing.

Hyperboloid structures

Landmark towers

Blaw-Knox towers

Top guyed lattice towers

See also

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