The city of Athens, capital of modern Greece, has had different sets of city walls from the Bronze Age to the early 19th century. The city walls of Athens include:
the Long Walls, built in the 460s and 440s BC, connecting Athens with its ports at Piraeus and Phaleron
the Protocheisma, a second wall built in front of the Themistoclean Wall in 338 BC as an extra defence against the Macedonians
the Diateichisma, built in the 280s BC as a second line of defence against Macedonian-held Piraeus
the Valerian Wall, built in c. 260 AD, partly along the lines of older walls, partly as a new fortification, to protect the city against barbarian attacks
the Herulian (or Post-Herulian)[2] Wall, a much smaller circuit built in c. 280 AD, enclosing the centre of the ancient city following its sack by the Heruli in 267 AD
the Rizokastro, built in the 13th century around the Acropolis[3]
^For arguments for and against, cf. Weir 1995 and Papadopoulos 2008 respectively
^Rous 2019, p. 58
^E. Makri, K. Tsakos, A. Vavilopoulou-Charitonidou, Rizokastro. The Preserved Remains: New Observations and Re-dating, in Δελτίον τῆς Χριστιανικῆς Αρχαιολογικῆς Εταιρείας 14, 1989, p.362
Sources
Judeich, Walther (1931). Topographie von Athen (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: Beck.
Papadopoulos, J. K. (2008). "The Archaic Walls of Athens. Reality or Myth?" (PDF). Opuscula. 1: 31–46. doi:10.30549/opathrom-01-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-28. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
Theocharaki, Anna Maria (2011). "The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens: Its Changing Course and the Phases of Construction". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 80 (1): 71–156. doi:10.2972/hesp.80.1.0071. JSTOR 10.2972/hesp.80.1.0071.
Theocharaki, Anna Maria (2019). The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-063321-4.
Weir, Robert G. A. (1995). "The Lost Archaic Wall around Athens". Phoenix. 49 (3): 247–258. doi:10.2307/1192524. JSTOR 1192524.
Winter, F. E. (1971). Greek Fortifications. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-608154244.