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Comprehensive Peace Agreement

  North Sudan
  Darfur
  Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006
  South Sudan (held referendum in 2011)
  Abyei (scheduled in CPA to hold referendum in 2011, postponed indefinitely as of May 2011)
  States to hold "popular consultations" in 2011: South Kurdufan (process suspended) and Blue Nile (status unclear)

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA, Arabic: اتفاقية السلام الشامل, romanized: Ittifāqiyyah al-salām al-šāmil), also known as the Naivasha Agreement, was an accord signed on 9 January 2005, by the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan.[1] The CPA was meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, develop democratic governance countrywide, and share oil revenues. It also set a timetable for a Southern Sudanese independence referendum.

The peace process was encouraged by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), in addition to a "troika" of donor countries comprising the United States, United Kingdom, and Norway.[2]

Components

U.S. Senior Representative on Sudan Charles R. Snyder briefs foreign press on the CPA in Washington, D.C., on 12 January

The process resulted in the following agreements (also referred to as protocols):

The final, comprehensive agreement was signed on 9 January 2005 and marked the commencement of implementation activities.

Implementation

2007 Southern withdrawal

Dancers in Kapoeta at an awareness building rally for the peace agreement, 2006

On 11 October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the government of national unity (GoNU), accusing the central government of violating the terms of the CPA. In particular, the SPLM states that the Khartoum-based government, which is dominated by the National Congress Party, has failed to withdraw over 15,000 troops from southern oilfields and failed to implement the Protocol on Abyei. The SPLM stated that it was not returning to war, while analysts noted that the agreement had been disintegrating for some time, notably because of international focus on the conflict in nearby Darfur.[3]

The SPLM announced that it was rejoining the government on 13 December 2007, following an agreement. The agreement states that the seat of government will rotate between Juba and Khartoum every three months, though it appears that this will be largely symbolic, as well as funding for a census (vital for the referendum) and a timetable for the withdrawal of troops across the border.[4]

Northern Sudanese troops finally left Southern Sudan on 8 January 2008.[5]

South Sudan Independence

A referendum was held from 9 to 15 January 2011 to determine if South Sudan should declare its independence from Sudan, with 98.83% of the population voting for independence. It became independent as the Republic of South Sudan on 9 July 2011.

Popular Consultations

Popular consultations for Blue Nile and South Kordofan were suspended[when?] as part of the ongoing conflict in those regions between the northern wing of the SPLA and the Justice and Equality Movement against the central government.[6]

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ "Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement". Peace Accords Matrix. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  2. ^ Srinivasan, Sharath (2021) When Peace Kills Politics: International Intervention and Unending Wars in the Sudans, Hurst & Co/Oxford University Press ISBN 9780197602720
  3. ^ "SUDAN: Southern pull-out threatens peace deal" Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, IRIN, 11 October 2007
  4. ^ "Sudan to have shuttle government", BBC News, 13 December 2007
  5. ^ "AFP: North Sudan troops complete southern withdrawal: ex-rebels". Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  6. ^ "Sudan's Spreading Conflict (I): War in South Kordofan Crisis Group Africa Report N°198, 14 February 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.

External links