Звание генерала (или полного генерала , или четырёхзвёздного генерала ) является высшим званием, обычно достижимым в армии США . Оно стоит выше генерал-лейтенанта ( трёхзвёздного генерала ) и ниже генерала армии ( пятизвёздного генерала ).
Записи в следующем списке четырехзвездных генералов индексируются по порядку номеров, в котором каждый офицер был повышен до этого звания во время действительной службы, или звездочкой (*), если офицер не служил в этом звании во время действительной службы в армии США. Каждая запись содержит имя генерала, дату присвоения звания, [1] должности на действительной службе, занимаемые во время службы в четырехзвездном звании, [2] количество лет действительной службы в четырехзвездном звании ( Yrs ), [3] год назначения и источник назначения, [4] количество лет в звании на момент повышения до четырехзвездного звания ( YC ), [5] и другие биографические примечания. [6]
История
Четырехзвездочные позиции
1775–1799
Джордж Вашингтон принимает командование Континентальной армией, около 1775 года .
In May 1798, Washington was commissioned as a lieutenant general in the United States Army by his successor as president, John Adams, to command the provisional army being raised for the undeclared Quasi-War with France. In March 1799, the United States Congress elevated the lieutenant generalcy to the rank of "General of the Armies of the United States", but Adams thought the new rank infringed on his constitutional role as commander in chief and never made the appointment.[47] Washington died later that year, and the rank lapsed when not mentioned in the Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802.[48] He was promoted posthumously to the rank in 1978, after it was reestablished for him as part of the 1976 United States Bicentennial celebrations.[49]
1866–1941
Civil War and aftermath
The Civil War-era generals of the Army (Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan) with President Abraham Lincoln, March 1865.
The rank of General of the Armies was revived in 1866, with the name "General of the Army of the United States" to reward the Civil War achievements of Ulysses S. Grant, the commanding general of the United States Army (CGUSA).[50] As with the prior rank and that of lieutenant general revived for Grant in 1864, the holder was authorized to command the armies of the United States, subject to presidential authority.[51] Grant vacated his commission to become president in March 1869, and the lieutenant general of the Army, William Tecumseh Sherman, was promoted to succeed him as general. The grade was abolished after Sherman's retirement in February 1884, in accordance with legislation passed in 1870.[52][53]
After Sherman's retirement, the ban on new appointments to the grade of general was relaxed twice. In March 1885, Grant was out of office, bankrupt, and dying, so Congress authorized the president to reappoint him to the rank and full pay of general on the retired list.[54][55] Congress made a similar exception in June 1888 to promote the ailing lieutenant general of the Army, Philip Sheridan, by discontinuing the grade of lieutenant general and merging it with the grade of general until Sheridan's death two months later.[56][57]
Since there was only one active duty four-star general in the Army during this period, the grade was interchangeably referred to as "general", "the General", and "the General of the Army", a title not to be confused with the five-star grade of general of the Army created in 1944.[58]
World War I
The rank flag of General of the Armies John J. Pershing, presented to him in 1922.
In 1917, the rank of general was recreated in the National Army, a temporary force of conscripts and volunteers authorized for the duration of the World War I emergency. To give American commanders parity of rank with their Allied counterparts, Congress allowed the president to appoint two emergency generals in the National Army, specified to be the chief of staff of the Army (CSA), Tasker H. Bliss and later Peyton C. March; and the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (CG AEF) in France, John J. Pershing.[59] When Bliss reached the retirement age of 64 and stepped down as chief of staff, he was reappointed emergency general by brevet to serve alongside full generals from allied nations as the U.S. military representative to the Supreme War Council.[60]
All emergency grades expired at the end of the war, so in July 1919, eight months after the armistice, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to reward March and Pershing by making them both permanent generals, with Pershing senior to March.[61][62] Pershing's promotion was authorized on 3 September 1919, just in time for the secretary of war to hand him his new commission when he returned from Europe.[63] Congress and Pershing both opposed March's promotion, having clashed with him during the war, so he reverted to major general alongside Bliss when their emergency grades expired on 30 June 1920.[64][65] Both were restored to their wartime ranks of general on the retired list in 1930.[66]
Interwar
Pershing succeeded March as Army chief of staff in the permanent grade of general, and served from 1921 to 1924.[67][b] The grade lapsed with his retirement, leaving the rank of major general as the highest available grade in the peacetime Army, and his two-star successors, John L. Hines and Charles P. Summerall, outranked by their four-star Navy counterpart, the chief of naval operations.[68] The temporary rank of general was reauthorized for the chief of staff in 1929, elevating Summerall.[69][c] In 1940, special legislation advanced Hines to general on the retired list as the only living former chief of staff never to wear four stars.[71]
1941–1991
World War II and aftermath
General Omar Bradley was promoted to general in 1945 as a one-time personal honor, with full active-duty pay for life.
The United States entered World War II on 7 December 1941 with one Army general, chief of staff George Marshall, authorized.[67] Legislation enacted in 1933 and amended in 1940 allowed the president to appoint officers of the Regular Army, the Army's professional military component, to higher temporary grades in time of war or national emergency.[72][d] As with the National Army emergency generals, these appointments expired after the end of the war, although postwar legislation allowed officers to retire in their highest active-duty rank.[74] On 19 December 1941, the Senate confirmed Douglas MacArthur to be the first temporary general in the Army of the United States, the reconstituted draft force, as he fought the Japanese invasion of the Philippines.[75][76]
Three new Army generals were appointed over the next two years. Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed temporary general in February 1943, to command Allied forces in North Africa and later Europe;[77]Henry H. Arnold in March 1943, as commanding general of Army Air Forces and member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;[78] and Joseph W. Stilwell in August 1944,[79] as commander of the China Burma India Theater and chief of staff to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Marshall, MacArthur, Eisenhower, and Arnold were further promoted to the temporary five-star grade of general of the Army in December 1944, made permanent in March 1946.[80][81]Malin Craig, Marshall's predecessor as Army chief of staff, was recalled to active duty in his four-star grade to run the War Department's Personnel Board.[82]
More temporary generals were appointed to command postwar occupation forces in Germany and Japan, as well as the stateside Army commands. Omar Bradley, who had commanded the Twelfth Army Group—the bulk of American forces on the Western Front—also received a permanent promotion to general as a one-time personal honor, with full active-duty pay for life.[83][e] This was superseded by Bradley's promotion to general of the Army while serving as the first chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in 1950.[81][85] By the official termination of the World War II national emergency in April 1952, the Army had eight four-star generals.[86][f]
Cold War
Senior leadership at the Army Commander's Conference, 20 October 1983. Generals Richard E. Cavazos (third from left) and Roscoe Robinson Jr. (third from right) are the first Hispanic and first African-American four-star generals in the Army.
The modern grade of general was established by the Officer Personnel Act (OPA) of 1947, which authorized the president to designate positions of importance and responsibility to carry the grade ex officio, to be filled by officers with the permanent or temporary grade of major general or higher.[74] The total number of positions allowed to carry the grade was capped at 3.75 percent of the total number of general officers on active duty, which worked out initially to five generals for the Army.[74][g] The four-star grade caps evolved into Section 525 of Title 10 of the United States Code, which was codified in 1956.[88] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the office of which was created in 1949, was exempted from the caps.[89]
Escalating global commitments during the Cold War created more generals, both at home and abroad; a majority were appointed under renewed national emergency authority in excess of grade caps.[74] Besides the JCS chairman and Army chief of staff, the most prestigious Army-dominated positions of the era were the NATO supreme allied commander in Europe (SACEUR);[90] the commander of multinational and U.S. forces in Korea (UNC/FECOM, later USFK); and until 1973, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam (USMACV).[91] At the height of the Vietnam War in 1971, the Army had 17 four-star generals.[92]
The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) of 1980 standardized four-star appointments across all services, replacing the previous service-specific mechanisms.[93] Personal four-star grades held regardless of assignment, once the norm in the post-Civil War era, were abolished under DOPMA.[h] In 1982, Richard E. Cavazos and Roscoe Robinson Jr. became the first Hispanic and first African-American four-star generals in the Army respectively.[95][96]
1991–present
Ann E. Dunwoody (right), the first woman to become a four-star general in the Army, is sworn into her new rank by Army chief of staff George W. Casey Jr. (back facing camera) on 14 November 2008.
The distribution of four-star Army generals remains broadly similar to that of 1947, with a statutory chief and vice chief of staff (CSA, VCSA);[97][98] stateside commands for readiness, materiel, and training; overseas component commands; and joint duty positions that are exempted from grade caps.[99][100] Among the latter are the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS); the NATO supreme allied commander in Europe (SACEUR);[101] the unified combatant commanders, including the statutory Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) and Special Operations Command (USSOCOM);[102][103] and during the War on Terror, the wartime theater commanders in Iraq (MNF-I, later USF-I) and Afghanistan (ISAF, later RSM).
The chief of the National Guard Bureau (CNGB) joined the joint pool after being raised to four-star grade in January 2008.[104] In November of the same year, Ann E. Dunwoody became the first woman to achieve the rank of general in the Army, as well as in any armed service.[105] Similarly, in 1997, Eric Shinseki became the first Asian-American four-star general in the Army.[106] In September 2012, Frank J. Grass became the first Army National Guard officer to attain the rank of general, to relieve his Air Force predecessor as CNGB.[107]
By the end of 2020, the Army had 18 four-star generals on active duty, exceeding the 17 four-star generals it had at the height of the Vietnam War, its previous peak.[110][111]
Legislation
The following list of Congressional legislation includes major acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of general in the United States Army.
^ a bDates of rank are taken, where available, from the U.S. Army register of active and retired commissioned officers, or from the World Almanac and Book of Facts. The date listed is that of the officer's first promotion to general.
^ a bPositions listed are those held by the officer when promoted to general. Dates listed are for the officer's full tenure, which may predate promotion to four-star rank or postdate retirement from active duty.
^ a bThe number of years of active-duty service at four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Date of rank" column from the last year in the "Position" column. Time spent between active-duty four-star assignments is not counted, nor is time spent on special duty as an unassigned general of the Army.
^ a bThe number of years in commission before being promoted to four-star rank is approximated by subtracting the year in the "Commission" column from the year in the "Date of rank" column.
^ a bNotes include years of birth and death; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with other four-star officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and unusual career events such as premature relief or death in office.
^Commissioned general in the Continental Army, 1775; resigned, 1783; commissioned lieutenant general in the U.S. Army, 1798; promoted to General of the Armies, October 11, 1976, with date of rank July 4, 1976 (Public Law 94-479).
^Resigned, 1869, to serve as President; reappointed general and placed on the retired list, March 3, 1885.
^Brevetted general, May 1918.
^ a bReverted to major general upon expiration of wartime legislation, June 30, 1920; advanced to general on the retired list, June 21, 1930, as highest grade held during World War I.
^Reverted to major general, November 20, 1930; retired as general, March 31, 1931.
^Reverted to major general, October 1, 1935; retired as general, December 31, 1937; recalled as major general, July 26, 1941; promoted to lieutenant general, July 27, 1941; promoted to general, December 18, 1941, with rank from September 16, 1936; promoted to general of the Army, December 18, 1944; rank made permanent, April 11, 1946; restored to active list, July 9, 1948; relieved of all commands, April 11, 1951.
^Retired as general, August 1939; recalled as major general, September 1941.
^Promoted to general of the Army, December 16, 1944; rank made permanent, April 11, 1946; retired as general of the Army, February 28, 1947; restored to active list, March 1, 1949.
^Retired from active service as general of the Army, 1948; recalled as general of the Army, December 1950; resigned, 1952, to run for President; reappointed general of the Army, March 1961.
^ a b c dTransferred to U.S. Air Force, September 18, 1947.
^Retired as major general, January 31, 1945; recalled February 1, 1945; promoted to general, March 5, 1945; advanced to general on the retired list, July 12, 1946; retired, July 20, 1946.
^Retired as major general, April 30, 1946; advanced to general on the retired list, June 4, 1948.
^"Letter on Assignment of General Carl Spaatz as Deputy to the Commanding General, Army Air Forces for Special Organizational Planning". Headquarters, U.S. Air Force (digitized by NARA). 4 December 1945. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^Died in car crash, December 23, 1950; posthumously promoted to general, January 2, 1951.
^Retired as general, July 1959; recalled as general, July 1961.
^ a b c d e f g h i j kAdvanced to general on the retired list, July 19, 1954, as a lieutenant general who, during World War II, commanded Army Ground Forces, commanded an army in any of the Theaters of Operations, was commanding general of U.S. forces in China and chief of staff to Chiang Kai-shek, or commanded Western Defense Command (Public Law 83-508).
^Connor, Albert Ollie (12 June 1969). "Memorandum for the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army on the Extension of General Lemnitzer". Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, U.S. Army, G-1 (digitized by NARA). Retrieved 5 December 2022.
^Retired as general, August 1963; recalled as general, September 1963.
^Retired as general, December 1959; recalled as general, January 1960.
^Retired as general, July 1970; recalled as general, August 1970.
^Retired as general, December 1974; recalled as lieutenant general, June 1977; retired as general, July 1981.
^Transferred from Army National Guard, 1920; retired, 1947; retained on active duty until 1973; advanced to general on the retired list, February 1970, with date of rank December 23, 1969.
^"Personnel – White House Appointment of Military Personnel to Staff" (PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. 1974. p. 11. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
^Haig served as White House chief of staff while on active duty as a general from May to July 1973. He retired from the Army in August 1973 and remained chief of staff as a civilian until September 1974, when he was recalled to active duty.
^Retired as general, August 1, 1973; remained White House chief of staff as civilian until 1974; recalled as general, September 1974.
^"'Stormin' Norman' Schwarzkopf, lauded Gulf War commander, dies - CNN.com". CNN. 28 December 2012.
^Graduated from Pennsylvania Military College, which was reorganized as a civilian institution in 1972 and is now Widener University.
^Jackson, Gregg Zoroya and David. "Embattled VA chief Shinseki resigns". USA TODAY.
^Retired as general, November 2000; recalled as general, August 2003.
^Relieved, July 2005, and retired as lieutenant general.
^Reverted to major general, March 2011; retired as lieutenant general, November 13, 2012.
^"General Laura J. Richardson (USA)". General Officer Management Office. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^Ford 1905, pp. 89–92.
^Chase 1985, pp. 501–502.
^Bell 2013, pp. 1, 6–8.
^"Washington Never a General of U.S. Army; Rank Created for Him, but Not Conferred". The New York Times. 2 February 1936. p. N8.
^Act of March 3, 1799 (1 Stat. 752). Andrews, C. C., ed. (1856). "Lieutenant General Scott's Case". Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States. Vol. VII. Washington, D.C.: Robert Farnham. pp. 422–424 – via Google Books.
^Act of March 16, 1802 [Military Peace Establishment Act] (2 Stat. 133). "45 U.S. Officers Outrank George Washington". The New York Times. 27 September 1953. p. 27.
^Kleber, Brooks E. (June 1978). "Washington is Now No. 1: The Story Behind a Promotion". United States Army Combat Forces Journal. Vol. 28. pp. 14–15 – via Google Books.
^ a b"Army Pay — Retired General (4 Comp. Gen. 317)". Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1925. p. 317 – via Google Books.
^Acts of March 3, 1799 (1 Stat. 752), and July 25, 1866 (14 Stat. 223).
^Rives, F.; Rives, J.; Bailey, George A. (1871). Congressional Globe and Appendix: Third Session, Forty-First Congress: Part I, Congressional Globe. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Congressional Globe. pp. 67–70 – via Google Books.
^Acts of May 18, 1917 (40 Stat. 76), and October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 410).
^Act of March 1, 1869 (15 Stat. 281). "Rank Of General For Bliss And March; Former Gets Brevet Title for Services Abroad — Latter Becomes Chief of Staff". The New York Times. 21 May 1918. p. 6.
^"Wants The Highest Rank For Pershing". The New York Times. New York City. 19 July 1919. p. 5.
^Supplement to the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Covering the Second Term of Woodrow Wilson, March 4, 1917, to March 4, 1921. Bureau of National Literature. 1921. p. 8761 – via Google Books.
^Act of September 3, 1919 (41 Stat. 283) "Names Pershing To Permanent Rank". The New York Times. New York City. 4 September 1919. p. 3.
^Smythe, Donald (1981). "The Pershing-March Conflict in World War I". Parameters. XI (4): 60.
^"March to Lose Two Stars on June 30; Going Back to Rank of Major General". The New York Times. 23 June 1920. p. 13.
^"Report No. 1547: Equalize Rank of Officers in Positions of Great Responsibility in the Army and Navy". House Reports (Public), 70th Congress, 1st Session. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1928 – via Google Books.
^Act of June 15, 1940 [Private Law 76-379] (54 Stat. 1286). "John L. Hines Made Full General Under a Special Act of Congress". The Cumberland News. 10 June 1940. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
^Acts of June 15, 1933 (48 Stat. 161), and September 9, 1940 (54 Stat. 875).
^ a b c dAct of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886, 61 Stat. 887, 61 Stat. 888)
^"Conscription Order #1" (Document). U.S. National Archives Record Group 165, College Park, Maryland: Office of the War Department, Records of the Personnel Division (G-1). 1941.{{cite document}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Hearing Before the Committee on Military Affairs, United States Senate, Seventy-Seventh Congress, First Session, in Connection with the Nomination and the Confirmation of Douglas MacArthur as a General. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1942 – via Google Books.
^Bell 2013, p. 130.
^Boyne, Walter (1 September 1997). "Hap". Air & Spaces Force Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
^Special Orders No. 190 (August 9, 1944, OMPF p. 70); in "Official Military Personnel File for Joseph W. Stilwell".
^Acts of December 14, 1944 (58 Stat. 802), and March 23, 1946 (60 Stat. 59).
^ a b"How many U.S. Army five-star generals have there been and who were they?". U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
^Full Committee Hearings on S. 1843, to Convert the National Military Establishment Into an Executive Department of the Government, to be Known as the Department of Defense, to Provide the Secretary of Defense With Appropriate Responsibility and Authority, and With Civilian and Military Assistants Adequate to Fulfill His Enlarged Responsibility. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 9 July 1949. pp. 2931–2932 – via Google Books.
^"10 U.S.C. § 525 – Distribution of commissioned officers on active duty in general officer and flag officer grades". United States Code. Retrieved 27 September 2024. Act of August 10, 1956 (70A Stat. 1).
^Act of August 10, 1949 [National Security Act Amendments of 1949] (63 Stat. 582).
^"Senior officials in the NATO military structure, from 1949 to 2001" (PDF). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2009.
^Cosmas 2006, p. 400.
^House Armed Services Committee Report No. 92-5: Subcommittee No. 2 Hearings on H.R. 6483; and Subcommittee No. 2 Hearings and Full Committee Consideration of H.R. 7500. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971. pp. 2229–2238 – via Google Books.
^Act of December 12, 1980 [Defense Officer Personnel Management Act] (94 Stat. 2849).
^Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Officer Grade Limitations of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Eighty-Fourth Congress, First Session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 9 March 1955. pp. 46, 48, 50, 61 – via Google Books.
^Hernandez, Joe (15 September 2021). "Fort Hood Should Be Renamed After The 1st Hispanic 4-Star General, Lawmakers Say". NPR. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
^"Gen. Roscoe Robinson Jr.; 1st Black at 4-Star Rank". Los Angeles Times. Washington, D.C. 24 July 1993. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
^10 U.S.C. § 7034 – Vice Chief of Staff. Act of October 1, 1986 [Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986] (100 Stat. 1041).
^Act of October 5, 1994 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995] (108 Stat. 2745)
^"10 U.S.C. § 526 – Authorized strength: general officers and flag officers on active duty". United States Code. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
^"Did you know... how many SACEURs continued their military careers in other posts after leaving SHAPE?". Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
^10 U.S.C. § 167 – Unified combatant command for special operations forces.
^Act of January 28, 2008 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008] (122 Stat. 496). Smith, Mike (18 November 2008). "Guard's first four-star ready to take Minutemen forward". National Guard Bureau. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
^Burns, Robert (14 November 2008). "In salute to history, Army pins 4 stars on female general". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 October 2024. Snyder, John (2 May 2012). "Stars align at the Watervliet Arsenal". United States Army. Watervliet, New York. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^Tritten, Travis (13 May 2014). "VA Secretary Eric Shinseki resigns". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 1 November 2024. "Retired Gen. Shinseki Selected for 2023 Marshall Medal". Association of the United States Army. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
^Greenhill, Jim (8 September 2012). "Army Gen. Frank Grass becomes 27th chief of the National Guard Bureau". National Guard Bureau. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^Act of October 28, 2009 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010] (123 Stat. 2273).
^Act of January 1, 2021 [William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021] (134 Stat. 3563).
^ a bCox, Matthew (20 August 2020). "The Army Now Has the Most 4-Star Generals on Duty Since World War II". Military.com. Judson, Jen (8 October 2020). "US Army Europe and US Army Africa to merge as commander pins on fourth star". Defense News.
^"Annex B (General/Flag Officer Strengths, 1945 to 1967)". Report on General/Flag Officer Requirements (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Officer Personnel Study Group, Officer Career Development Division, Directorate of Compensation and Career Development, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower and Reserve Affairs). 1 March 1968. House Armed Services Committee Report No. 92-5: Subcommittee No. 2 Hearings on H.R. 6483; and Subcommittee No. 2 Hearings and Full Committee Consideration of H.R. 7500. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971. p. 2237 – via Google Books.
Notes
^On at least one occasion, Washington styled himself "Captain-General and Commander in Chief of the Forces of the Thirteen United Colonies", in his proclamation on the occupation of Boston on 21 March 1776.[44]
^The Comptroller General of the United States ruled in 1924 that the offices of "general" (as referred to in the Act of June 4, 1920 [National Defense Act Amendments] (41 Stat. 760) that provided for the peacetime army), "General of the Army of the United States", and "General of the Armies of the United States" were all the same grade held by Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, and now Pershing, who was therefore entitled to the annual pay of $13,500 and other privileges set for Sherman in 1870, including the right to retire at full pay and allowances.[50]
^Since the Navy, in fact, had four admirals—the chief of naval operations and the commanders in chief of the United States Fleet, Battle Fleet, and Asiatic Fleet—the Army asked in 1928 to have four generals: the chief of staff and the commanding generals of the Panama Canal Department, Hawaiian Department and Philippine Department. Only the increase in rank for the chief of staff was approved.[70]
^The relevant provisions were amendments to Section 127(a) of the National Defense Act of 1916. In 1940, the authorization, initially applying only to wartime, was extended to national emergencies.[73]
^Procedurally, Bradley's promotion was among a slate of permanent four-star promotions for the Army, Navy, and Air Force, to balance the same promotions granted to the Marine Corps and Coast Guard commandants during World War II, Alexander Vandegrift and Russell R. Waesche.[84]
^The eight four-star Army generals on active duty on 28 April 1952, by seniority within rank, were:
^The final use of such an authority (61 Stat. 907) was from 1953 to 1955 for convenience during the Korean War emergency, but was dropped at the request of the Senate Armed Services Committee.[94]
"World Almanac Education Group, Inc.", World Almanac and Book of Facts, New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc., 2024 [1946]
Bell, William Gardner (2013). Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2013: Portraits and Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0-16-072376-6.
Chase, Philander D., ed. (1985). The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series. Vol. 1. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Cline, Ray S. (1990) [1951]. "Appendix B: U.S. Army Commanders in Major Theater Commands, December 1941 - September 1945". United States Army in World War II - Washington Command Post: The Operations Division. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1514870600. CMH Pub 1-2. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
Cosmas, Graham A. (2006). MACV, the Joint Command in the Years of Withdrawal, 1968-1973 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-0160771194.
Heaton, Dean R. (1995). Four Stars: The Super Stars of United States Military History. Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, Inc. ISBN 9780970044709.
Meyer, Edward C.; Ancell, R. Manning; Mahaffey, Jane (30 March 1995). Who Will Lead? Senior Leadership in the United States Army. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275950415.
Warner, Ezra J. (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-80710-822-2.
Journals and magazines
Air Force Association (May 2006). "USAF Almanac 2006" (PDF). Air Force Magazine. Vol. 89, no. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007.
Yoon, Taeyoung (Spring 2005). "The ROK-U.S. Combined Command and Control System and Crisis Management Procedures" (PDF). International Area Review. 8 (1): 149–172. doi:10.1177/223386590500800108. S2CID 167994949.
"International Area Review" (PDF). International Area Review. 8 (1). 1 March 2005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Online publications
"Department of Defense Key Officials (September 1947 – August 2024)" (PDF). Office of the Secretary of Defense Historical Office. 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Cole, Ronald H.; Poole, Walter S.; Schnabel, James F.; Watson, Robert J.; Webb, Willard J. (1995). "The History of the Unified Command Plan, 1946-1993" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
Leubsdorf, Ben (10 July 2024). "Presidential Medal of Freedom" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
Straus, Jacob (18 July 2024). "Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
"Senior officials in the NATO military structure, from 1949 to 2001" (PDF). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2009.
"USAREUR Commanders". U.S. Army Europe. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007.
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