Habib Yunich

Chinese Tatar educator (1906–1945)

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Habib Yunich (also russified as Yunichev; 1906–1945) was a Chinese Tatar educator, journalist, and politician. He served as the Second East Turkestan Republic's first education minister, from the state's establishment in 1944 until his sudden death from typhus in 1945. He was succeeded by his deputy Saifuddin Azizi.

A highly educated polyglot, Yunich was concerned primarily with improving the cultural and educational institutions of his hometown Ghulja (Yining). He founded the city's first public library and Uyghur-language newspaper.

Early life and education

Habib Yunich was born in 1906, in the Uyghur-majority city of Ghulja.^[1] His father was Faziljan, an ethnic Tatar from Russia who became a respected aqsaqal (local elder) of Ghulja. A tsarist, Faziljan chose not to return to Russia following the February Revolution of 1917 and successfully applied for Chinese citizenship.^[2]

Yunich studied in Turkey and the Soviet Union as a young adult, learning a plethora of Turkic languages in addition to his native Tatar. By the time he returned to Ghulja from Turkey in 1934, he had become fluent in Turkish, Uyghur, Kazakh, and Uzbek. He was also fluent in Chinese, English, and Russian.^[1]

Shortly after returning to Ghulja, Yunich organized the first Uyghur-language newspaper in the city, and more broadly in Ili District. He was the newspaper's editor from 1934 to 1944. He also established Ghulja's first public library and taught at a Tatar school in the city during the 1940s.^[3]

Political career

The Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was proclaimed in Ghulja on 12 November 1944 by Soviet-backed Turkic revolutionaries, among them Yunich.^[4] On 18 November 1944, the ETR government appointed Yunich as Minister of Education, citing his rich cultural and linguistic education.^[5] Saifuddin Azizi, a Soviet-educated Uyghur, was appointed his deputy.^[6]

Yunich was the editor of the ETR government's official newspaper, Free East Turkestan (later Revolutionary East Turkestan).^[6][7] It was published in four languages – Uyghur, Russian, Kazakh, and Chinese – and began circulation on 17 November 1944.^[6]

Death

Yunich contracted typhus from one of his students amid an outbreak of the disease in Ghulja in the winter of 1944–45.^[8][9][10] He died in January 1945; Azizi succeeded him as the ETR's education minister on 13 March 1945.^{[5][8][10][11]}

References

Citations

1. Dictionary of Northwest Nationalities 1998, p. 254.
2. Brophy 2016, p. 266.
3. Liu.
4. The Voice of East Turkestan 1986, p. 36.
5. The Voice of East Turkestan 1986, p. 39.
6. Xu 1998, p. 42.
7. Khisamov & Abuziarov 2002, p. 59.
8. Newby 1986, p. 147.
9. The Voice of East Turkestan 1986, p. 37.
10. Dictionary of Xinjiang Nationalities 1995, p. 539.
11. Xu 1998, p. 43.

Sources

• Brophy, David (4 April 2016). Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97046-5.
• Khisamov, Nurmukhammet Shagvaleevich; Abuziarov, R. G. (2002). Творчество Тукая в контексте евразийской культуры [Tuqay's creativity in the context of Eurasian culture] (in Russian). Fiker. ISBN 978-5-93091-044-5.
• Liu, Weixin. 海比甫玉尼奇 [Habib Yunich]. CNKI (in Chinese). China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.^{[permanent dead link][full citation needed]}
• Newby, Laura (1986). The Rise of Nationalism in Eastern Turkestan, 1930–1950 (Thesis). University of Oxford.
• The Voice of East Turkestan. East Turkestan Publications Center. 1986.
• Xu, Yuqi, ed. (1998). 新疆三区革命史 [Revolutionary History of the Three Districts of Xinjiang] (in Chinese). Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. ISBN 978-7-105-03219-8.
• "Хәбиб Юнич". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
• 中国少数民族文化大辞典: 中南, 东南地区卷 [Dictionary of Chinese Ethnic Minority Cultures: South-Central and Southeast Region Volume] (in Chinese). Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. 1997. ISBN 978-7-105-03389-8.
• 新疆民族辞典 [Dictionary of Xinjiang Nationalities] (in Chinese). Xinjiang People's Publishing House. 1995. ISBN 978-7-228-03623-3.
• 西北民族词典 [Dictionary of Northwest Nationalities] (in Chinese). Xinjiang People's Publishing House. 1998. ISBN 978-7-228-04377-4.