Ethnic group in Northeast India
Ethnic group
Hmar people are a scheduled tribe ethnic group[2][3] from the states of Manipur,[4][5] Mizoram,[6] Assam,[7] and Meghalaya[8] in Northeast India. They use the Hmar language as their primary language.
Population
According to the 2011 Indian Census, there were 98,988 Hmar speakers.[9]
Religion
The majority of the Hmar people practice Christianity.[10]
Place of origin
The Hmar people believe Sinlung to be their ancestral origin.[11]
Notable people
Literature
- Allen BC, Gait EA, Allen CGH, and Howard HF. Gazetteer of Bengal and North East India. Mittal Publications. New Delhi 1979.
- Bapui, VLT & Buruah, PN Dutta. 1996. Hmar Grammar. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. CIIL Press, Mysore.
- Bapui, Vanlal Tluonga. 2012. Hmar Ṭawng Inchukna (A Lexical Study of the Hmar Language & Usages). Guwahati, Assam: The Assam Institute of Research for Tribals and Scheduled Castes. Hi-Tech Printing & Binding Industries, Guwahati
- Cassar, T. 2013. Only 36,000.
- Cassar, T. 2017. Oh God - Now it's 75K (and it's only getting worse)!.
- Dena, Lal. 1995. Hmar Folk Tales. New Delhi: Scholar Publishing House. Bengal Printing Press, New Delhi.
- Dena, Lal; In search of identity: Hmars of North-East India; New Delhi 2008.
- Fimate, L. Thina Râpthlak.
- Hmar, RH Hminglien. 1997. Hmangaitu Hmel.
- Hminga, FT. 1991. Hmar Pipu Thilhming Lo Phuokhai. Churachandpur, Manipur: Dr. FT Hminga.
- Hminga, FT. 1993. Hmar Ṭawng Indiklem. Churachandpur, Manipur: Dr. FT Hminga.
- Hminga, FT. 1994. Hming Umzie Neihai. Churachandpur, Manipur: Dr. FT Hminga.
- Hrangate, HC. 1996. Pathien Kut.
- Lalhmuoklien, 2009. Gospel Through Darkness. Churachandpur, Manipur: Rev. Dr. Lalmuoklien. SMART tech Offset Printers, Churachandpur
- Ngurte, SN. 1991. Damlai Thlaler.
- Ngurte, SN. 1994. Rengchawnghawi.
- Ngurte, SN. 1995. Kanaan Phaizawl. HL Lawma & Sons Publication.
- Pakhuongte, Ruolneikhum. 1983. The Power of the Gospel Among the Hmar Tribe. Shillong, Meghalaya: EFCI. Ri Khasi Press, Shillong.
- Pudaite, Jonathan. 2011. The Legacy of Watkin R. Roberts.
- Pudaite, Mawii. 1982. Beyond The Next Mountain: The Story of Rochunga Pudaite. Tyndale House Publishers.
- Pudaite, Rochunga. 1963. The Education of the Hmar People. Sielmat, Churachandpur. Indo-Burma Pioneer Mission, 1963.
- Pudaite, Rochunga. 1985, The Dime That Lasted Forever. Carol Stream, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers.
- Pudaite, Rochunga. 2008. English-Hmar Dictionary. Partnership Publishing House.
- Pudaite, Rochunga. 2011. Ka Hring Nun Vol-1. Thomson Press, Harayana.
- Pudaite, Rosiem. 2002. Indian National Struggle for Freedom and its Impact on the Mizo Movement (1935-1953 AD).
- Pulamte, John H. 2011. Hmar Bûngpui. Imphal, Manipur: Dr. John H. Pulamte. BCPW, Imphal.
- Ruolngul, Darsanglien. 2009. The Advance of the Gospel (Part One). Churachandpur, Manipur: Rev. Darsanglien Ruolngul. SMART * tech Offset Printers, Churachandpur.
- Ruolngul. Darsanglien. 2013. Kohran. Churachandpur, Manipur: ICI. Diamond Offset, Churachandpur.
- Sanate, Ngurthangkhum. 1984. Ngurte Pahnam Chanchin. Churachandpur, Manipur/
- Sawngate, Thangsawihmang. 2012. Hmangaina Parbâwr. Churachandpur, Manipur.
- Sinate, Lalthankhum. 2001. Kohran Hring.
- Songate, H. 1956. Hmar History-Hmar Chanchin. Imphal: Mao Press.
- Songate, H. 1967. Hmar Chanchin (Hmar History).Churachandpur: L & R Press.
- Thangsiem, JC. Zilsi Varzan. Rengkai, Churachandpur.
- Ṭhiek, Hrilrokhum. 2013. History of the Hmars in North East India, Guwahati, Assam: Rev. Hrilrokhum Ṭhiek, Bhabani Offset Private Ltd., Guwahati.
- Ṭhiek, Hrilrokhum. 1996. Maichâma Mei Chu Sukchawk Zing Ding A Nih.
- Thuomte, H. 2001. Joute Pahnam Inthladan (Joute Genealogy). Churachandpur, Manipur
- Various. 2008. Lal Remruot - Saidan Chanchin. Delhi. Hmanglien & Sons. Rai's Ad-venture, Delhi.
- Zaneisang, H. 2003. Sinlung. Churachandpur, Manipur: H. Zaneisang. Diamond Offset, Churachandpur.
- Zote, Timothy Z. 2007. Manmasi Year Book (Vol-II), Churachandpur, Manipur: Manmasi Year Book Editorial Board. BCPW, Imphal.
- Sungte, Robert L. 2007. Impact of Religious Journals on the Hmar tribe in Manipur, Karnataka. Mangalore University, Mangalore.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2016. Revisiting Sikpui Ruoi of the Hmar Tribe. Anthropology Today. Vol. 1, No. 2. ISSN 2454-2709. Pp. 60–72.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2017. In Search of the "Holy" Confluence: A Journey to the Barak River. In: Queenbala Marak (Ed) "Doing Autoethnography". Serials Publications: New Delhi.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang & Lalthakim Hmar (ed). 2016. Highland Musing. 2016. IndigeNE: Imphal.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang & Lalthakim Hmar (ed). 2016. Sinlung Sermei. IndigeNE: Imphal.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2014. Hmar at the Crossroads. IndigeNE: Imphal.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2014. Culture and Development: Hmar of Tipaimukh in Transition. IndigeNE: Imphal.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2019. Ruolevaisuo a Hohlimna Thusim Thlirletna. 2019. In: Nunhlui-II (Hmar MIL Textbook for TDC Third Semester), Assam University, Silchar, Hmar Literature Society, Assam.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2014. Traditional concepts on honour, wealth, happiness and self-reliance vis-á-vis planned development: Case of the Hmars. In: Aheibam Koireng Singh, Amol Sanasam and Sushma Phurailatpam (Ed) "Knowing Manipur from Endogenous Perspective". Centre for Manipur Studies, Manipur University and Indian Council of Social Science Research: Imphal. Vol. 2.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2011. Indigenous Knowledge System, Identity, Freedom and Tipaimukh Dam: An Anthropological Perspective. In: Lal Dena (Ed) "Dialogue on Tipaimukh Dam". Akansha Publishing House: New Delhi.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang & R. Th. Varte. 2017. Hmar Traditional Practices in Conflict Resolution: An Anthropological Perspective. In: Melvil Pereira, Bitopi Dutta and Binita Kakati (Ed) "Legal Pluralism and Indian Democracy: Tribal Conflict Resolution Systems in Northeast India". Routledge: New York.
- Varte, Immanuel Zarzosang. 2005. Pre-historical Heritage of Ruong Le Vaisuo. "Hmar Arasi". Souvenir on the occasion of Cultural Festival-cum-Sikpui Ruoi, 2 – 5 December & 50th General Assembly-cum-Literary Meet, 15 – 16 December. Hmar Students' Association General Headquarters: Churachandpur.
See also
References
- ^ Census of India 2011 (2011). "Hmar" Language - India, State and Union Territories (PDF). Office of the Registrar General, India. p. 9.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ https://tribal.nic.in/ST/LatestListofScheduledtribes.pdf
- ^ https://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201212010344115039062File1061.pdf
- ^ https://data.gov.in/resource/population-mother-tongue-2011-manipur
- ^ "Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK CHURACHANDPUR (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations Manipur. 2011. p. 28.
- ^ https://data.gov.in/resource/population-mother-tongue-2011-mizoram
- ^ https://data.gov.in/resource/population-mother-tongue-2011-assam
- ^ https://data.gov.in/resource/population-mother-tongue-2011-meghalaya
- ^ Census of India 2011 (2011). "Hmar" - Language: India, States and Union Territories (Table C-16) (PDF). Office of the Registrar General, India. p. 9.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/16937/IN
- ^ Dena, Lal (2008). In Search of Identity: Hmars of North East India. Akansha Publishing House: Delhi.
- ^ "Dr. Chaltonlien Amo(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- TIPAIMUK(ST)(CHURACHANDPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:". myneta.info. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Manipur: Senior Congress MLA joins BJP". The Indian Express. 9 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "Appointment of PS to Adviser to Chief Minister" (PDF).
- ^ "Mizoram Legislative Assembly". www.mizoramassembly.in. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ "About". Bibles For The World. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
- ^ "New Director RIMS L Fimate". e-pao.net. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
- ^ https://mimerfalkawn.edu.in/uploads/attachments/1327694a5fb79c2a96bceef0c08b6edd/zmc-prospectus.pdf
External links
- VIRTHLI- Ushering Change (News & Info House of the Hmars)
- INPUI.COM – News & Information 'House' of the Hmar Tribe
- Hmarram.com: Hmar Online Museum
- HMARHLA.COM – Hmar Lyrics
- Hmasawnna Thar- A Hmar Daily
- Jacob L Pulamte
- Hmar Arasi – Official website of the Hmar Students' Association, Bangalore Branch
- Sinlung
- Hmar Resources Online: The Hmar Repository
- Mumbai Tuisunsuo Weekly News
- Hmar Clans
- Hmar Dances
- Hmar Books & Authors
- Indian Catholic, Christian leaders gather warring ethnic groups for peace
- The case for a Hmar Autonomous District Council in Mizoram
- Hmar: Struggle for autonomy