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Close central unrounded vowel

A spectrogram of /ɨ/.

The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɨ⟩, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.

Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed ⟨ï⟩ (centralized ⟨i⟩) or ⟨ɯ̈⟩ (centralized ⟨ɯ⟩).[2]

The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant [j̈].[3]

Some languages feature the near-close central unrounded vowel (listenⓘ), which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ̞⟩ and ⟨ɪ̈⟩, but other transcriptions such as ⟨ɪ̠⟩ and ⟨ɘ̝⟩ are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed ⟨ɪ⟩, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often ⟨ɨ⟩, which captures its centrality, or ⟨ᵻ⟩,[4] which captures both. ⟨ᵻ⟩ is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵻ⟩ represents variation between /ɪ/ and /ə/.[5]

Features

Occurrence

/ɨ/ is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly in some Slavic languages, such as Belarusian and Russian (see ы). However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).[6]

The sound of Polish ⟨y⟩ is often represented as /ɨ/, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed [ɘ̟].[63] Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed ⟨e⟩, often represented as /ɨ/, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel,[64] more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as [ɯ̽] (mid-centralized), [ɯ̟] (fronted) and [ʊ̜] (less rounded, i.e. unrounded).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ See e.g. Cruttenden (2014:133), who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English GOOSE vowel /uː/ with the symbol [ɯ̈ː].
  3. ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
  4. ^ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996:298)
  5. ^ Upton (2012), pp. 63, 68.
  6. ^ Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986)
  7. ^ Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 11: 1–33, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012, retrieved 9 November 2012
  8. ^ Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15: 9–21, archived from the original on 2009-07-29, retrieved 2009-03-06
  9. ^ Mid-vowels in Acehnese Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ a b Tondineli (2020), p. 914.
  11. ^ a b Hayward & Hayward (1999), p. 47.
  12. ^ a b Blankenship et al. (1993), p. 129.
  13. ^ Abdel-Massih (1971:15)
  14. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 534–535.
  15. ^ a b Lodge (2009:174)
  16. ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189)
  17. ^ a b Mott (2012:75)
  18. ^ Lass (2002), pp. 113–115.
  19. ^ a b Wells (1982:534)
  20. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 174.
  21. ^ "Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani". South American Phonological Inventory Database. Berkeley: University of California. 2015.
  22. ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999), p. 90.
  23. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
  24. ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
  25. ^ Wendel & Wendel (1978), p. 198.
  26. ^ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  27. ^ Pearce (2011), p. 251.
  28. ^ Thackston (2006a), p. 1.
  29. ^ Khan & Lescot (1970), pp. 8–16.
  30. ^ Nau (2011), pp. 9–10.
  31. ^ Kruspe & Hajek (2009), p. 244.
  32. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  33. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
  34. ^ Ferreira (2005), p. 37.
  35. ^ Olson (2004), p. 235.
  36. ^ Allison (2006).
  37. ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996), p. 118.
  38. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  39. ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 33, 38.
  40. ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002).
  41. ^ Autuori (2019), p. 45.
  42. ^ Autuori (2019), pp. 45, 47.
  43. ^ Oftedal (1956), p. 80.
  44. ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
  45. ^ Firestone (1965), p. ?.
  46. ^ a b Teo (2014), p. 28.
  47. ^ Teo (2012), p. 368.
  48. ^ a b c Riad (2014), p. 21.
  49. ^ a b Ido (2014), p. 91.
  50. ^ a b Keane (2004), p. 114.
  51. ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
  52. ^ Tench (2007:231)
  53. ^ a b 張, 永利; 潘, 家榮 (2018). 南島語言叢書⑦ 鄒語語法概論 (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). New Taipei: Council of Indigenous Peoples. pp. 5–14. ISBN 9789860556889.
  54. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
  55. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  56. ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
  57. ^ a b Dombrowski, Andrew. "Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish".
  58. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 64, 68.
  59. ^ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary] (in Russian)
  60. ^ Ly Dinh Thuan; Tran Thanh Nga; Nguyen Cong Chinh (eds.). "bưng". VDict. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  61. ^ a b Ball (1984), p. ?.
  62. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  63. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  64. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.

References

External links