Genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae
Dactylorhiza is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid familyOrchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids.[2]Dactylorhiza were previously classified under Orchis, which has two round tubers.[3]
Description
They are hardytuberousgeophytes. In a thickened underground stem, they can store a large amount of water to survive arid conditions. The tuber is flattened and finger-like. The long leaves are lanceolate and, in most species, also speckled. They grow along a rather long stem which reaches a height of 70–90 cm (28–35 in). Leaves higher on the stem are shorter than leaves lower on the stem. The inflorescence, compared to the length of the plant, is rather short. It consists of a compact raceme with 25-50 flowers. These develop from axillary buds. The dominant colors are white and all shades of pink to red, sprinkled with darker speckles.
Taxonomy
Etymology
The name Dactylorhiza is derived from Greek words δάκτυλος daktylos 'finger' and ῥίζα rhiza 'root', referring to the palmately two- to five-lobed tubers of this genus.
Species
Many species in this genus hybridise so readily that species boundaries themselves are vague (but see[4]), with regular name changes and no clear answers. A few species colonise very well onto fresh industrial wastes such as pulverised fuel ash, where vast hybrid swarms can appear for a decade or more, before ecological succession replaces them.
Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. lillsundica (D. fuchsii × D. incarnata subsp. ochroleuca) (N. & W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kerneriorum nothosubsp. variablis (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. incarnata) (W. Europe). *Dactylorhiza × komiensis (D. hebridensis × D. maculata) (E. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × kopdagiana (D. iberica × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × koutsourana (D. baumanniana × D. smolikana) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × kuuskiae (D.longifolia × D. traunsteineri) (E. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × latirella (D. incarnata × D. purpurella) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × lehmannii (D. incarnata × D. russowii) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × megapolitana (D. fuchsii × D. russowii) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × metsowonensis (D. kalopissii × D. sambucina) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × mixtum (D. fuchsii × D. viridis) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × mulignensis (D. incarnata subsp. pulchella × D. majalis) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × nevskii (D. osmanica × D. umbrosa) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × ornonensis (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. incarnata × D. maculata) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × paridaeniana (D. elata subsp. sesquipedalis × D. praetermissa) (W. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × pontica (D. urvilleana × D. viridis) (Turkey)
Dactylorhiza × prochazkana (D. bohemica × D. maculata) (EC. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × renzii (D. incarnata × D. nieschalkiorum) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × rizeana (D. euxina × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × rombucina (D. romana × D. sambucina) (C. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × ruppertii (D. majalis × D. sambucina) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × salictina (D. pindica × D. smolikana) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × serbica (D. incarnata × D. saccifera) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × serreana (D. graeca × D. lagotis) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × sivasiana (D. umbrosa × D. urvilleana) (Turkey).
Dactylorhiza × sooi (D. alpestris × D. fuchsii.) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × souflikensis (D. baumanniana × D. pindica) (Greece).
Dactylorhiza × stagni-novi (D. brennensis × D. fuchsii) (Europe).
Dactylorhiza × szaboiana (D. cordigera × D. sudetica) (SE. Europe).
Dactylorhiza × transiens (D. fuchsii × D. maculata subsp. ericetorum) (Europe)
Dactylorhiza × transiens nothosubsp. corylensis (D. fuchsii subsp. hebridensis × D. maculata)
^ a bKew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Dactylorhiza
^RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
^Foley, M (2005). Orchids of the British Isles. Cheltenham, UK: Griffin press Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-9541916-1-7.
^Brandrud, Marie K; Baar, Juliane; Lorenzo, Maria T; Athanasiadis, Alexander; Bateman, Richard M; Chase, Mark W; Hedrén, Mikael; Paun, Ovidiu (2019-05-25). Savolainen, Vincent (ed.). "Phylogenomic Relationships of Diploids and the Origins of Allotetraploids in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)". Systematic Biology. 69 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz035. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 6902629. PMID 31127939.
^World checklist of monocotyledons Archived 2007-09-20 at the Wayback Machine.
^Orchid research Newsletter
^Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Coeloglossum viride
^Bateman, R.M. (2009). Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximising explicit evidence and minimising authoritarian speculation. Journal Europäischer Orchideen 41: 243-318. [as Dactylorhiza viridis]
Bibliography
Box, M.S.; Bateman, R.M.; Glover, B. & Rudall, P. (2008). "Floral ontogenetic evidence of repeated speciation via paedomorphosis in subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 157 (3): 429–454. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00794.x.
De Hert, Koen; Jacquemyn, Hans; Van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Vandepitte, Katrien; Leus, Leen & Honnay, Olivier (2011). "Reproductive isolation and hybridization in sympatric populations of three Dactylorhiza species (Orchidaceae) with different ploidy levels". Annals of Botany. 109 (4): 709–720. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr305. PMC 3286275. PMID 22186278.
De Hert, Koen; Jacquemyn, Hans; Van Glabeke, Sabine; Roldán-Ruiz, Isabel; Vandepitte, Katrien; Leus, Leen & Honnay, Olivier (2011). "Patterns of hybridization between diploid and derived allotetraploid species of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) co-occurring in Belgium". American Journal of Botany. 98 (6): 946–955. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000367. PMID 21653507.
Hedrén, Mikael; Nordström, Sofie & Bateman, Richard M. (2011). "Plastid and nuclear DNA marker data support the recognition of four tetraploid marsh orchids (Dactylorhiza majalis s.l., Orchidaceae) in Britain and Ireland, but require their recircumscription". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 104 (1): 107–128. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01708.x.
Hedrén, Mikael; Nordström, Sofie & Ståhlberg, David (2012). "Geographical variation and systematics of the tetraploid marsh orchid Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (Orchidaceae) and closely related taxa". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (2): 174–193. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01198.x.
Inda, Luis A.; Pimentel, Manuel & Chase, Mark W. (2010). "Chalcone synthase variation and phylogenetic relationships in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 163 (2): 155–165. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01055.x.
Paun, Ovidiu; Bateman, Richard M.; Fay, Michael F.; Hedrén, Mikael; Civeyrel, Laure & Chase, Mark W. (2010). "Stable epigenetic effects impact adaptation in allopolyploid orchids (Dactylorhiza: Orchidaceae)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (11): 2465–2473. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq150. PMC 2955735. PMID 20551043.
Paun, Ovidiu; Bateman, Richard M.; Fay, Michael F.; Luna, Javier A.; Moat, Justin; Hedrén, Mikael & Chase, Mark W. (2011). "Altered gene expression and ecological divergence in sibling allopolyploids of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 113. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-113. PMC 3112086. PMID 21521507.
Paun, Ovidiu; Luna, Javier A.; Fay, Michael F.; Bateman, Richard M. & Chase, Mark W. (2010). "Genomic responses drive adaptation in allotetraploid species of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae; Orchidinae)". In Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Barfod, Anders & Davis, Jerrold I. (eds.). Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution. pp. 169–192. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
Ståhlberg, David & Hedrén, Mikael (2010). "Evolutionary history of the Dactylorhiza maculata polyploid complex (Orchidaceae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 101 (3): 503–525. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01505.x.
Wolfe, Thomas M; Balao, Francisco; Trucchi, Emiliano; Bachmann, Gert; Gu, Wenjia; Baar, Juliane; Hedren, Mikael; Weckwerth, Wolfram; Leitch, Andrew R & Paun, Ovidiu (2021). "Recurrent allopolyploidization events diversify eco-physiological traits in marsh orchids". bioRxiv. 2021.08.28.458039. doi:10.1101/2021.08.28.458039.[unreliable source?]
External links
Media related to Dactylorhiza at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Dactylorhiza at Wikispecies
Flora of North America Genus page
Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) in European Russia: combined molecular and morphological analysis Archived 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine
Dactylorhiza picture database
Mayank Thakur and V. K. Dixit, Aphrodisiac Activity of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo in Male Albino Rats, Oxford Journals, Medicine, Evidence-based Compl. and Alt. Medicine, Volume 4, Supplement 1, p. 29-31