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Isotopes of bromine

Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the positron emitters 75Br and 76Br can be used for positron emission tomography.[4][5] Radiobromine has the advantage that organobromides are more stable than analogous organoiodides, and that it is not uptaken by the thyroid like iodine.[6]

List of isotopes

  1. ^ mBr – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ Modes of decay:
  5. ^ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
  6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ^ # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

Bromine-75

Bromine-75 has a half-life of 97 minutes.[12] This isotope undergoes β+ decay rather than electron capture about 76% of the time,[6] so it was used for diagnosis and positron emission tomography (PET) in the 1980s.[4] However, its decay product, selenium-75, produces secondary radioactivity with a longer half-life of 120.4 days.[6][4]

Bromine-76

Bromine-76 has a half-life of 16.2 hours.[12] While its decay is more energetic than 75Br and has lower yield of positrons (about 57% of decays),[6] bromine-76 has been preferred in PET applications since the 1980s because of its longer half-life and easier synthesis, and because its decay product, 76Se, is not radioactive.[5]

Bromine-77

Bromine-77 is the most stable radioisotope of bromine, with a half-life of 57 hours.[12] Although β+ decay is possible for this isotope, about 99.3% of decays are by electron capture.[9] Despite its complex emission spectrum, featuring strong gamma-ray emissions at 239, 297, 521, and 579 keV,[13] 77Br was used in SPECT imaging in the 1970s,[14] but except for longer-term tracing,[6] this is no longer considered practical due to the difficult collimator requirements and the proximity of the 521 keV line to the 511 keV annihilation radiation related to the β+ decay.[14] However, the auger electrons emitted during decay are well-suited for radiotherapy, and it can possibly be paired with the imaging-suited 76Br (produced as an impurity in common synthesis routes) for this application.[4][14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Bromine". CIAAW. 2011.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ a b c d Coenen, Heinz H.; Ermert, Johannes (January 2021). "Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18". Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 92: 241–269. doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003. PMID 32900582.
  5. ^ a b Welch, Michael J.; Mcelvany, Karen D. (1 October 1983). "Radionuclides of Bromine for Use in Biomedical Studies". Ract. 34 (1–2): 41–46. doi:10.1524/ract.1983.34.12.41.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Lambert, F.; Slegers, G.; Hermanne, α.; Mertens, J. (1 June 1994). "Production and Purification of 77 Br Suitable for Labeling Monoclonal Antibodies Used in Tumor Imaging". Ract. 65 (4): 223–226. doi:10.1524/ract.1994.65.4.223.
  7. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  8. ^ a b Wimmer, K.; et al. (2019). "Discovery of 68Br in secondary reactions of radioactive beams". Physics Letters B. 795: 266–270. arXiv:1906.04067. Bibcode:2019PhLB..795..266W. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2019.06.014. S2CID 182953245.
  9. ^ a b Kassis, A. I.; Adelstein, S. J.; Haydock, C.; Sastry, K. S. R.; McElvany, K. D.; Welch, M. J. (May 1982). "Lethality of Auger Electrons from the Decay of Bromine-77 in the DNA of Mammalian Cells" (PDF). Radiation Research. 90 (2): 362. Bibcode:1982RadR...90..362K. doi:10.2307/3575714. ISSN 0033-7587. JSTOR 3575714.
  10. ^ a b Shimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam". Physical Review C. 109 (4): 044313. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
  11. ^ Sumikama, T.; et al. (2021). "Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110". Physical Review C. 103 (1): 014614. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.103a4614S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614. hdl:10261/260248. S2CID 234019083.
  12. ^ a b c Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  13. ^ Singh, Balraj; Nica, Ninel (May 2012). "Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 77". Nuclear Data Sheets. 113 (5): 1115–1314. Bibcode:2012NDS...113.1115S. doi:10.1016/j.nds.2012.05.001.
  14. ^ a b c Amjed, N.; Kaleem, N.; Wajid, A.M.; Naz, A.; Ahmad, I. (January 2024). "Evaluation of the cross section data for the low and medium energy cyclotron production of 77Br radionuclide". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 214: 111286. doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.111286.