Close-mid front unrounded vowel

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.

For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.

Features

Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

Notes

^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
^ a b Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
^ a b c Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 358, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
^ a b c d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
^ Allison (2006).
^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
^ a b Peters (2019), p. ?.
^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

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External links