Voiced retroflex lateral approximant

The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɭ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`.

The retroflex lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ɭ̊ / in Iaai and Toda.^[1] In both of these languages it also contrasts with more anterior /l̥, l/, which are dental in Iaai and alveolar in Toda.^[1]

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex lateral approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ɭ̺] and laminal [ɭ̻].

Notes

^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 198.
^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
^ a b Masica (1991), p. 97.
^ Anjos (2012), p. 128.
^ Jiang (2010), pp. 16–17.
^ "Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
^ "ladjap". Online Aboriginal Language Dictionary (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
^ Keane (2004), p. 111.

References

Anjos, Zoraide dos (2012). "Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari". LIAMES (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 (1): 123–156. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486.
Jiang, Haowen (April 2010). "Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text" (PDF). Department of Linguistics, Rice University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-11.
Keane, Elinor (2004). "Tamil". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 111–116. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549.
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013). "Mapudungun". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369.
Shimoji, Michinori (December 2008). "Phonology". A Grammar of Irabu, a Southern Ryukyuan Language (PhD thesis). The Australian National University. hdl:1885/150638.

External links