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Подводная лодка класса Тайфун

The Typhoon class, Soviet designation Project 941 Akula (Russian: Акула, meaning "shark", NATO reporting name Typhoon), was a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed and built by the Soviet Union for the Soviet Navy. With a submerged displacement of 48000 tonnes,[4] the Typhoons were the largest submarines ever built,[7] able to accommodate comfortable living facilities for the crew of 160 when submerged for several months.[8] The source of the NATO reporting name remains unclear, although it is often claimed to be related to the use of the word "typhoon" ("тайфун") by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev of the Communist Party in a 1974 speech while describing a new type of nuclear ballistic missile submarine, as a reaction to the United States Navy's new Ohio-class submarine.[9]

The Russian Navy cancelled its Typhoon modernization program in March 2012, stating that modernizing one Typhoon would be as expensive as building two new Borei-class submarines.[10] Three boats of the Typhoon class were decommissioned in the 1990s and were scrapped in the 2000s, another two were decommissioned during the 2000s and are currently inactive. With the announcement that Russia has eliminated the last R-39 Rif (SS-N-20 Sturgeon) SLBMs in September 2012, only one Typhoon remained in service, Dmitriy Donskoi, which was refitted with the more modern RSM-56 Bulava SLBM for testing. She continued to serve until February 2023, when she was decommissioned.

Description

Typhoon class general arrangements: 1 - outer hull; 2 - 533 mm forward torpedo tubes; 3 - pressure hull (forward); 4 - stowable forward hydroplanes; 5 - escape hatches; 6 - torpedo compartment pressure hull; 7 - sonar compartment; 8 - 20 x R-39 ballistic missile tubes; 9 - control room; 10 - escape capsules; 11 - retractable devices; 12 - Fin; 13 - radio room; 14 - reactor compartment; 15 - hangar / payload doors for towed communication buoy; 16 - protrusions to prevent ice damaging the propellers; 17 - turbine compartment; 18 - machine compartment, 19 - hydrodynamic vortex smoothing protrusions; 20 - vertical stabiliser; 21 - rudders; 22 - ducted propeller; 23 - aft hydroplanes; 24 - sonar; 25 - stowable thrusters; 26 - missile compartment; 27 - crew compartment; 28 - 2 x OK-650 nuclear reactors; 29 - propeller shaft; 30 - horizontal stabiliser; 31 - pressure hull (forward); 32 - main pressure hull (starboard); 33 - main pressure hull (port); 34 - pressure hull (fin); 35 - pressure hull (aft); 36 - rapid dive tank; i - attack periscope; ii - navigation periscope; iii - radio sextant; iv - radar/ESM system; v - snorkel; vi & viii - radio communications; vii - direction finding; ix - satellite communication/positioning antenna; x - hull mounted towed sonar array

Soviet − subsequently Russian − nuclear submarines are identified by the letter "K" followed by a number (for example, the lead boat of the Yasen class, the Severodvinsk, is K-560). K stands for Cruiser: (Крейсер). The sheer displacement of the Typhoon-class boats, comparable to several aircraft carrier classes, led to their classification as Heavy Cruisers (Тяжелый Крейсер).

Besides their missile armament, the Typhoon class featured six torpedo tubes designed to handle RPK-2 (SS-N-15) missiles or Type 53 torpedoes. A Typhoon-class submarine could stay submerged for 120 days[4] in normal conditions, and potentially more if deemed necessary (e.g., in the case of a nuclear war). Their primary weapons system was composed of 20 R-39 (NATO: SS-N-20) ballistic missiles (SLBM) with a maximum of 10 MIRV nuclear warheads each. Technically, Typhoons were able to deploy their long-range nuclear missiles while moored at their docks.[11]

Typhoon-class submarines featured multiple pressure hulls which simplifies internal design while making the vessel much wider than a normal submarine. In the main body of the sub, two long pressure hulls lie parallel with a third, smaller pressure hull above them (which protrudes just below the sail), and two other pressure hulls for torpedoes and steering gear. This also greatly increases their survivability – even if one pressure hull is breached, the crew members in the other are safe and there is less potential for flooding. Its ballistic missiles were placed between the two main pressure hulls, their launch tubes enclosed only by the outer, "light" hull.

The Typhoon was capable of traveling at 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) submerged.[12]

History

Size comparison of common World War II submarines with the Typhoon class
Soviet Typhoon-class ballistic missile submarine, with inset of an American football field graphic to convey a sense of the enormous size of the vessel

The Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Soviet Akula class (Акула), meaning shark. It is sometimes confused with other submarines, as Akula is the name NATO uses to designate the Russian Project 971 Shchuka-B (Щука-Б)-class attack submarines. The project was developed with the objective to match the SLBM armament of Ohio-class submarines, capable of carrying 192 nuclear warheads, 100 kt each, but with significantly longer range. To accommodate this increase in range, Soviet SLBMs were substantially larger and heavier than their American adversaries(the R-39 Rif is more than twice as heavy as the UGM-96 Trident I; it remains the heaviest SLBM to have been in service worldwide). The submarine had to be scaled accordingly.[13]

In the early 1990s, there were also proposals to refit some of the Typhoon-class submarines to submarine cargo vessels for shipping oil, gas and cargo under polar ice to Russia's far flung northern territories. The submarines could take up to 10000 tonnes of cargo on-board and ship it under the polar ice to tankers waiting in the Barents Sea. These ships – after the considerable engineering required to develop technologies to transfer oil from drilling platforms to the submarines, and later, to the waiting tankers – would then deliver their cargo world-wide.[14]

Six Typhoon-class submarines were built between 1976 and 1985. Originally, the submarines were designated by hull numbers only. Names were later assigned to the four vessels retained by the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. During the time of the Russian Federation, these boats were to be sponsored by either a city or company. The construction order for an additional vessel (hull number TK-210) was cancelled and never completed.

In late December 2008, a senior Navy official announced that the two Typhoon-class submarines, TK-17 Arkhangelsk and TK-20 Severstal, that were in reserve would not be rearmed with the new Bulava SLBM missile system. They could potentially yet be modified to carry cruise missiles or to lay mines, or could be used in special operations.[citation needed] In late June 2009, the Navy Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Vladimir Vysotskiy, told reporters that the two submarines would be reserved for possible future repairs and modernisation.[15] In September 2011, the Russian defense ministry decided to write off all Project 941 Akula nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines until 2014. The reasons for decommissioning the Typhoon-class vessels are the restrictions imposed on Russia by the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty and successful trials of the new Borei-class submarine.[16]

Despite being a replacement for many types of submarines, the Borei-class submarines are slightly shorter than the Typhoon class (170 m (560 ft) as opposed to 175 m (574 ft)), and have a smaller crew (107 people as opposed to 160). These changes were in part designed to reduce the cost to build and maintain the submarines. In addition, the United States and Canada provided 80% of funds for scrapping the older Typhoon-class submarines, making it much more economical to build a new submarine.[17]

In 2013, the state-run RIA Novosti news agency announced that the Navy would scrap two Typhoons, beginning in 2018. They were the TK-17 Arkhangelsk and TK-20 Severstal.[18] As of 2017, the decision about the scrapping of TK-17 and TK-20 was still not firm.[19]

20 июля 2022 года стало известно, что Дмитрий Донской выведен из состава ВМФ России. [20] Это была более ранняя, чем ожидалось, дата вывода из эксплуатации, поскольку в 2021 году было заявлено, что подводная лодка, как ожидается, останется в эксплуатации до 2026 года в качестве платформы для испытаний оружия. [21] Однако в 2022 году источники предположили, что дата 2026 года не входит в план ВМФ России. [2] 6 февраля 2023 года стало известно, что она была выведена из эксплуатации. [22]

Единицы

График

ТК-208 Дмитрий Донской (Тайфун №1)

A Typhoon-class submarine on the surface in 1985

TK-17 Arkhangelsk (Typhoon #5)

TK-20 Severstal (Typhoon #6)

Notable appearances in media

Typhoon-class submarine, covered with ice

Probably the best-known fictional Typhoon-class submarine is the stealth-equipped Red October (Красный Oктябрь), the subject of the Tom Clancy novel The Hunt for Red October and its 1990 movie adaptation, starring Sean Connery as the fictional Captain Marko Ramius.

Документальный фильм «Миссия-невидимка» о российской подводной лодке «Северсталь » 2001 года был снят компанией Corona Films для канала Discovery при участии ZED, France 5 , ZDF , RTBF , TV5 Monde и Scottish Screen Fund. [30] [31]

В 2008 году National Geographic выпустил документальный фильм об утилизации одного из «Тайфунов» из сериала Break It Down . [32] Это лодка ТК-13, списанная на слом в 2007–2009 годах.

Смотрите также

Рекомендации

  1. ^ «Россия объявляет о выводе из эксплуатации последнего тайфуна». Архивировано из оригинала 29 января 2023 года . Проверено 15 декабря 2022 г.
  2. ^ ab "Российская атомная подводная лодка "Дмитрий Донской" возвращается на свою военно-морскую базу". navyrecognition.com . 28 июля 2022 г.
  3. ^ Лобнер, Питер. «Морская атомная энергетика: 1939–2018 гг. – Часть 3А: Россия» (PDF) .
  4. ^ abcde Апалков, Ю.В. (2002). «Подводные лодки». Корабли ВМФ СССР . Санкт-Петербург: Галея Принт. ISBN 5-8172-0069-4.
  5. ^ "Подводные лодки. Проект 941".
  6. ^ "Подводные лодки. Проект 941".
  7. ^ «Самые большие подводные лодки в мире - 1981: класс Тайфун (советские и российские)» . Национальная география . 12 декабря 1981 года. Архивировано из оригинала 4 июня 2011 года . Проверено 14 августа 2011 г.
  8. ^ Уоллер, Дуглас К. (март 2001 г.). «Эссе - Охота на большого красного» (PDF) . Журнал Уэйк Форест . 48 (3): 28–31. Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 12 октября 2009 г. Проверено 13 октября 2009 г.
  9. ^ Хитченс, Тереза ​​(2001). «Получите полис, пожалуйста». Бюллетень ученых-атомщиков . 57 (2001): 21–23. дои : 10.2968/057001008.
  10. ^ «ВМФ России отказывается от проекта модернизации Акулы» . Российский ВМФ . 3 июля 2012 года. Архивировано из оригинала 1 февраля 2013 года . Проверено 26 сентября 2012 г.
  11. ^ Pike, John (25 August 2000). "941 Typhoon – Russian and Soviet Nuclear Forces". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  12. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (27 March 2014). "The Massive Soviet Sub That Inspired 'Hunt For Red October'". Foxtrot Alpha. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  13. ^ Friedman, Norman (February 1999). "World Naval Developments: The Typhoon Saga Ends". U.S. Naval Institute. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  14. ^ Kudrik, Igor (14 May 2003). "Typhoon Subs to Ship Oil and Gas". Bellona.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  15. ^ Ласточкин, Олег (26 June 2009). "Стратегические АПЛ "Тайфун" останутся в боевом составе ВМФ РФ" ["Typhoon" strategic nuclear submarines will remain in the combat composition of the Russian Navy]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  16. ^ "Russia To Dismantle World's Biggest Subs". Russian Navy. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  17. ^ Sudakov, Dmitry (29 September 2011). "Russia's gigantic Typhoon submarines to be scrapped". Pravda. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  18. ^ "Russia to Scrap World's Biggest Nuclear Subs". RIA Novosti. 21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  19. ^ a b c "Решение об утилизации самых больших в мире АПЛ "Акула" пока не принято" [The decision to dismantle "Akula", the world's largest nuclear submarine, has not yet been made]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  20. ^ a b "Источник: самую большую в мире АПЛ "Дмитрий Донской" вывели из состава ВМФ". RIA (in Russian). 20 July 2022.
  21. ^ "Подводную лодку "Дмитрий Донской" не выведут из эксплуатации как минимум пять лет, - говорит источник" . ТАСС . 14 января 2021 г.
  22. ^ "Российская атомная подводная лодка "Дмитрий Донской" выведена из эксплуатации". ТАСС . Проверено 8 февраля 2023 г.
  23. Коул, Брендан (6 февраля 2023 г.). «Россия теряет самую большую в мире атомную подводную лодку». Newsweek . Проверено 6 февраля 2023 г.
  24. Петтерсен, Труде (4 июня 2009 г.). «Один сабвуфер вышел, другой вошел». Barents Observer . Архивировано из оригинала 15 февраля 2012 года . Проверено 14 августа 2011 г.
  25. ^ ab «Россия и США ликвидировали весь класс баллистических ракет». Российский ВМФ . 17 сентября 2012 года. Архивировано из оригинала 13 октября 2012 года . Проверено 26 сентября 2012 г.
  26. ^ ab "Тяжелые ракетные подводные крейсера проекта 941" [Тяжелые ракетные подводные крейсера проекта 941]. Russianships.info (на русском языке).
  27. Нильсен, Томас (3 февраля 2018 г.). «Капитан, спасший Белое море от ядерной катастрофы, умер в возрасте 67 лет». Barents Observer . Архивировано из оригинала 3 февраля 2018 года . Проверено 4 февраля 2018 г.
  28. ^ @JosephHDempsey (30 апреля 2015 г.). «Повреждения ПЛАРБ ТК-17 «Тайфун» #ВМФ России после взрыва ракеты во время учебного пуска в 1991 году ч/т @russianforces #TBT» ( Твит ) – через Твиттер .
  29. ↑ Аб Роблин, Себастьян (7 декабря 2019 г.). «Почему Россия загружает свои старые подводные лодки класса «Тайфун» сотнями крылатых ракет». Национальный интерес .
  30. ^ "Миссия Невидимка 52' Виталия Федько и Людмилы Назарук". ZED.fr. ​Архивировано из оригинала 20 сентября 2016 года . Проверено 30 июля 2016 г.
  31. ^ «Полная запись 'Auf Unsichtbarer Mission/Mission Invisible' (8144) - каталог архива движущихся изображений» . Национальная библиотека Шотландии . Архивировано из оригинала 17 августа 2016 года . Проверено 30 июля 2016 г.
  32. ^ "Разбейте это - атомная подводная лодка" . Национальная география . Архивировано из оригинала 21 октября 2012 года . Проверено 23 августа 2010 г.

Внешние ссылки