Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I, king of the Franks (r. 507–511), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia, during the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire in the 800s.[1][2]
Titles
The kings used the title "King of the Franks" (Latin: Rex Francorum) until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" (Latin: Rex Franciae; French: roi de France) was Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground.[3] However, Francorum Rex continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II in about 1550; it was also used on coins up to the eighteenth century.[4]
From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France, though such claim was purely nominal excepting a short period during the Hundred Years' War when Henry VI of England had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453, the English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry's claim has since been considered illegitimate; French historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of England among the kings of France.
Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by a three-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun, which divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which (Middle Francia) was short-lived. Modern France developed from West Francia, while East Francia became the Holy Roman Empire and later Germany. By this time, the eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures.[8][9]
Robertian dynasty (888–898)
Carolingian dynasty (898–922)
Robertian dynasty (922–923)
Bosonid dynasty (923–936)
Carolingian dynasty (936–987)
Capetian dynasty (987–1792) (1814–1848)
The Capetian dynasty is named for Hugh Capet, a Robertian who served as Duke of the Franks and was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century, a period known as Direct Capetian rule. Afterwards, it passed to the House of Valois, a cadet branch that descended from Philip III. The Valois claim was disputed by Edward III, the Plantagenet king of England who claimed himself as the rightful king of France through his French mother Isabella. The two houses fought the Hundred Years' War over the issue, and with Henry VI of England being for a time partially recognized as King of France.
The two houses fought the Hundred Years War to enforce their claims. The Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet, Henry VI of England, enjoyed de jure control of the French throne following the Treaty of Troyes, which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line ruled France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion. As Navarre did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French with Joan II, a daughter of Louis X.
House of Valois-Orléans (1498–1515)
House of Valois-Angoulême (1515–1589)
House of Bourbon (1589–1792)
The Valois line looked strong on the death of Henry II, who left four male heirs. His first son, Francis II, died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX, had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following the premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his third son, the childless Henry III, France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King Henry III of Navarre, was a Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility.
Ultimately, after winning numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and was crowned as King Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch, as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon was overthrown during the French Revolution and replaced by a short-lived republic.
Long 19th-century (1792–1870)
The period known as the "long nineteenth century" was a tumultuous time in French politics. The period is generally considered to have begun with the French Revolution, which deposed and then executed Louis XVI. Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king Louis XVII, as ruler of France. Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government went through several changes in form and constitution until France was declared an empire, following the ascension of the First ConsulNapoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon was overthrown twice following military defeats during the Napoleonic Wars.
After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the Bourbon Restoration, which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the July Monarchy, ruled by Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin who claimed descent from Louis XIII. The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, who was deposed and replaced by the Third Republic, and ending monarchic rule in France for good.
House of Bonaparte, First French Empire (1804–1814)
House of Bourbon, First Restoration (1814–1815)
House of Bonaparte, Hundred Days (1815)
House of Bourbon, Second Restoration (1815–1830)
House of Bourbon-Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848)
The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X and replaced him with Louis Philippe I, a distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V, but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled.
Charles X named Louis Philippe as Lieutenant général du royaume, a regent to the young Henry V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the French Parliament at the time, the French equivalent at the time of the UK House of Commons. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity at the time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon.
House of Bonaparte, Second French Empire (1852–1870)
Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These groups are:
Legitimist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of the Bourbons. In 1883, after the death of Henri V, grandson of Charles X, unionists recognized the Orléanist claimant as the pretender to the throne of France, as Henri V died without heirs, and also due to the Spanish renunciation, to them the House of Bourbon-Orléans became the senior line of the Capetian dynasty in France.[clarification needed]
Blancs d'Espagne: descendants of Louis XIV, claiming precedence over the House of Bourbon-Orléans by virtue of primogeniture. They argue that the claimant to the throne would be a Bourbon from the Spanish branch of the family. They ignore the Spanish renunciation: the fact that King Philip V of Spain, whose descendants they are, has renounced the throne of France for himself and his descendants in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Orléanist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Louis-Phillippe, himself descended from a junior line of the Bourbon dynasty, rejecting all heads of state since 1848. They argue that King Louis Philippe acquired legitimacy via popular sovereignty when the representatives of the French people in the French Parliament recognized him as king, with the Bourbons having already been rejected and dethroned by the French people after two revolutions. Blancs d'Espagne argue that the Orléans do not deserve the throne because they are descended from a regicide, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who voted for the execution of King Louis XVI during the French Revolution, violating the fundamental laws of the kingdom. Another argument against the Orléans is that the very French Parliament that recognized Louis Philippe as king refused to give the throne to his grandson (and descendants) and proclaimed the Second French Republic.
Bonapartist claimants to the throne of France: descendants of Napoleon I and his brothers, rejecting all heads of state 1815–48 and since 1870. They argue that the Imperial throne need to return to the House of Bonaparte, as the monarchs of this house had been chosen directly by the people through referendums, giving them legitimacy to reign via popular sovereignty, and both the Bourbons and the Orléans were rejected and dethroned through revolutions and that the Bonaparte were only dethroned due the interference of foreign enemies, with no popular revolution taking place to overthrow the Bonapartes and that the Third Republic was originally intended to be a provisional regime to return the throne to an Orléans or Bourbon (what never happened).
^Louis the Pious and Charlemagne are both enumerated as "Louis I" and "Charles I" in the lists of French and German monarchs.
^Older scholars give his birth as 15 May,[10] the ides of May. However, ancient sources record his birth as 13 June, the ides of June.[11]
^Not to be confused with Louis II the German, son of Louis the Pious and king of East Francia (Germany). Both French and German monarchs saw themselves as the successors of Charlemagne, which is why many rulers share the same regnal name.
^Scholars give his death as either 3,[16] 4,[17] or 10 August,[18] but ancient sources clearly indicates 5 August.[19]
^Some modern sources give his death as "12 December", but this is a mistake.[21][22][23]
^This is the most accepted and cited date, although it is not entirely confirmed.[28][27]
^In older sources his birth was dated to 832, but nowadays 839 is the accepted date.[29]
^Odo's death is universally given as 1 January, as given by a late 13th century chronicle,[32] but the earliest source on the matter, from the early 11th century, records his death as 3 January.[33] Another source, from the 13th century, records his death as 2 January.[34]
^ a bSee main entry for references.
^Some scholars give his death as 21 May, but contemporary sources give 22 May.[42]
^"Capet" (latin: Cappetus) was not actually a name, but a nickname adopted by later historians. It probably derived from chappe, an ecclesiastical mantle wore at the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours.[44]
^ a bBecause neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are not traditionally listed as kings of France and are not given ordinals.
^He lived from 15 to 19 November according to the continuator of Guillaume de Nangis.[61] The Chronique Parisienne Anonyme de 1316 à 1339 gives 13 and 18 November.[62] Modern sources often give his lifespan as 15–20 November.[63]
^Humphreys, p. 16 gives 6 January, the same date of Philip IV's coronation. This is a confusion.[64]
^Sources give his birth date as 6, 16, 20 or 26 April.
^This is the date in which the last English holdout was expelled by the French, with the exception of Calais.
^Henry III was elected on 5 May 1573.[80] He was crowned on 21 February 1574,[81] but he was declared deposed soon after, on 12 May.[82]
^Lower Navarre was integrated into France during his reign.
^Louis XVI's powers as king became obsolete following the March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, after which he became a hostage of the revolutionary forces.
^The Sénat proclaimed the deposition in absentia of Napoleon on 2 April, which was followed by the Corps législatif on 3 April. Napoleon wrote an act of abdication on 4 April renouncing the throne in favour of his son. However, this was not accepted by the Coalition, so he wrote an unconditional abdication on 6 April renouncing his rights and that of his family.[91]
^Although claimed as the shortest reigning monarch by the Guinness World Records,[97] this claim appears to be unsustained.[98] The exact circumstances of his "abdication" are unknown, as it was announced in a document firmed by both Charles X and Louis, who is only called Dauphin. He is said to have been "king" between his father's signature and his own, as he (allegedly) initially refused to sign the document.
Coronations
^Charles II was crowned emperor on 25 December 875. For later Frankish and German emperors, see Holy Roman Emperor.
^Louis II was crowned on 8 December 877.[13]
^Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.[15]
^Louis III and Carloman II were crowned on September 879.[15]
^Charles the Fat was most likely crowned on 20 May 885.[26] He was already king of East Francia since 28 August 876. He was also crowned emperor on 12 February 881.[27]
^Odo was crowned on 29 February 888 and then again on 13 November.[31]
^Charles III was crowned on 28 January 893, in opposition to Odo.[j]
^Robert I was crowned on 30 June 922.[37]
^Rudolph was crowned on 13 July 923.[j]
^Louis IV was crowned on 19 June 936, following a brief interregnum after the death of Rudolph.
^Lothair was crowned on 12 November 954.
^Louis V was crowned on 8 June 979.
^Hugh was elected and crowned king on 1 June 987, in Noyon. He was crowned again on 3 July in Paris by the archbishop of Reims. The latter date is usually regarded as the "official" start of the Capetian dynasty.[45]
^Robert II was crowned on 30 December 987.[45]
^Henry I was crowned on 14 May 1027.
^Philip I was crowned on 23 May 1059.
^Louis VI was crowned on 3 August 1108.
^Louis VII was crowned as a child on 25 October 1131, and again on 25 December 1137 alongside Eleanor of Aquitaine.
^Charles X was crowned on 29 May 1825, an unsuccessful attempt to revive the old monarchical traditions.
^Louis Philippe I decided not to have a coronation.
^A coronation ceremony for Napoleon III was planned, but never executed.
References
Citations
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^Deploige, Jeroen; Deneckere, Gita, eds. (2006). Mystifying the Monarch. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press. p. 182. ISBN 9789053567678.
^Pascal, Adrien (1853). Histoire de Napoléon III. Paris, France: Barbier. p. 359.
^Babcock, Philip (1993). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. MA, US: Merriam-Webster. p. 341.
^Reynolds, Susan (1984). Kingdoms and communities in Western Europe, 900–1300. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 978-0-19-821955-2.
^Scales, Len (2012). The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245-1414. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–182. ISBN 9780521573337. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
^McCarty, p. 328; Peignot, p. lv; de Wailly, p. 10.
^Annales S. Benigni Divionensis 824. Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine MGH V, 39.
^Peignot, p. lv; de Wailly, p. 10; Thoison, p. 189; McCarty, p. 328; EB, Charles II.
^Jackson 1995, Vol 1, pp. 110–123.
^Peignot, p. lv; de Wailly, p. 10; Thoison, p. 189; McCarty, p. 328; EB, Louis II.
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^Annales Vedastini. 884. Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine "...he survived seven more days, and died in the same place... in December, about 18 years of age."
^Obituaires de la province de Sens Archived 6 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine I, p. 351. "VIII id. [6 December]."
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^MacLean 2003, p. 126.
^ a bSchieffer, Theodor (1977), "Karl III", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 11, pp. 181–184, archived from the original on 21 July 2023, retrieved 21 July 2023
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^Peignot, p. lxi; de Wailly, p. 10; McCarty, p. 329; EB, Louis IV.
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^Thoison, p. 190; Humphreys, p. 4; EB, Philip I.
^Peignot, p. 29–32; Humphreys, p. 5; EB, Louis VI.
^Peignot, p. 29.
^Thoison, p. 190; Humphreys, p. 6; EB, Louis VII.
^Thoison, p. 190; Humphreys, p. 8; EB, Philip II.
^Thoison, p. 190; Humphreys, p. 10; EB, Louis VIII.
^Thoison, p. 191; Humphreys, p. 11; EB, Louis IX.
^Thoison, p. 191; Humphreys, p. 12; EB, Philip III.
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^McCarty, p. 330; Humphreys, p. 15; EB, Philip IV.
^Hercule Géraud (1843) Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis, de 1113 à 1300 Archived 28 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 430–431.
^Amedée Hellot (1884). Chronique parisienne anonyme du XIVe siècle Archived 29 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine. p. 26.
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^Jackson 1995, Vol II, p. 376.
^Thoison, p. 192; Humphreys, p. 16; EB, Philip V.
^Peignot, p. 85; Humphreys, p. 17; EB, Charles IV.
^Peignot, pp. 91–96; Humphreys, p. 19; EB, Philip VI.
^Peignot, p. 96; Humphreys, p. 19; EB, John II.
^Peignot, p. 105; Humphreys, p. 20; EB, Henry I.
^Peignot, p. 112; Humphreys, p. 21; EB, Charles VI.
^Curry 1993, pp. 102–122; Bradford 2004, pp. 621–625; EB, Henry VI.
^Peignot, p. 123; Humphreys, p. 23; EB, Frances I.
^Peignot, p. 136; Humphreys, p. 25; EB, Louis XI.
^Peignot, p. 143; Humphreys, p. 27; Knecht 2007, p. 125; EB, Charles VII.
^Peignot, pp. 150; Humphreys, p. 28; Knecht 2007, p. 112; EB, Louis XII.
^Peignot, p. 157; Humphreys, p. 30; Knecht 2007, p. 112; EB, Francis I.
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^Knecht 2016, p. 56. "On 5 May three orators were chosen [...] On 11 May the minority conceded defeat [but the election] did not happen till 15 May.".
^Knecht 2016, p. 76.
^Knecht 2016, p. 84.
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Main bibliography
de Wailly, E. (1838). "Liste Chronologique des rois de France". Eléments de paléographie. Vol. 1. Ghent University. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Jacquin, Emmanuel (2000), Les Tuileries, Du Louvre à la Concorde, Editions du Patrimoine, Centres des Monuments Nationaux, Paris. (ISBN 978-2-85822-296-4)
Humphreys, A.L. (1907). The Kings of France, their Wives and Mistresses. London. ASIN B004Z0M2K2. OCLC 1047511953.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
McCarty, L. P. (1890). "France". The Annual Statistician and Economist. Harvard University: Pacific Press Publishing Company. pp. 327–332. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Peignot, Gabriel (1819). Abrégé de l'histoire de France (in French). Harvard University. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Thoison, E. (1888). "Table Chronologique". Les séjours des rois de France: 481–1789. Société historique et archéologique du Gâtinais. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Secondary bibliography
Alcan, Félix (1892). Revue historique (in French). Vol. 40. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Blanc, Louis (1848). France Under Louis Philippe. Translated by Walter Kelly. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Bodin, Felix (1840). Resumé de l'histoire de France. London: Joseph Rickerby. p. 43. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Bradford, James C. (2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. ISBN 9781135950347. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Brownell, Henry (1854). "The Rulers of France". The People's Book of Ancient and Modern History. Dayton & Wentworth. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Brunel, G. (2007). "Les cisterciens et Charles V". Société de l'histoire de France: 67–92. JSTOR 23408518. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Castelot, André (1988). Charles X. Librairie Académique Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00545-1.
Curry, Anne (1993). The Hundred Years War. Macmillan. ISBN 9781349227112. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Champion, Honoré (1976). Robert Ier et Raoul de Bourgogne. Slatkine. pp. 9–11. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Dutton, Paul E. (1994). The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire. University of Nebraska Press. p. 227. ISBN 9780803216532. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Holoman, D. Kern (2004). The Société Des Concerts Du Conservatoire, 1828–1967. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520236646. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Knecht, Robert (2007). The Valois: Kings of France. A&C Black. ISBN 9781852855222.
Knecht, Robert (2016). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France. Routledge. ISBN 9781317122142. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780521362924. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
MacLean, Simon (2003). Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139440295.
Jackson, Richard A. (1995). Ordines Coronationis Franciae. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9781512821604. JSTOR j.ctt1kgqwvd. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
Havet, Julien (1891). "Les couronnements des rois Hugues et Robert". Revue historique. 45: 290–297. JSTOR 40939391. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Wellman, Kathleen (2013). Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300178852. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Further reading
Allevy, Alcide (1863). Histoire de France allevysée (in French). British Library. pp. 75–105. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Babbitt, Susan M. (1985). The France of Charles V. APS. ISBN 9780871697516.
Bak, János M. (1990). Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual. University of California Press. ISBN 9780801469138. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Brougham, Henry (1861). Principles of Government: Monarchical government. Political Philosophy. Harvard: Bohn. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
d'Hozier, Louis (1738). Armorial général de la France. Paris. pp. xvi–xvii. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
Doyle, William, ed. (2001). Old Regime France. Short Oxford History of France. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-873129-9.
Engrand, H. (1816). Leçons élémentaires sur l'Histoire de France (in French). British Library. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221--07862-4.
