Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
^"Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
^Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
^Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
^Kohler (1999), p. 87.
^ a b cDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
^ a bDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
^Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
^Peters (2006), p. 119.
^Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
^ a bStone (2002), p. 600.
^ a bGilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
^Friedman (2001:10)
^Lunt (1952:10–11)
^Haugen (2004), p. 30.
^Jassem (2003), p. 105.
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
^Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
^Pop (1938), p. 29.
^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
^Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
^ a bZamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
^ a bEngstrand (1999), p. 140.
^ a bGöksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
^ a bZimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
^Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
^Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
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