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Vehicle regulation

Vehicle regulations are requirements that automobiles must satisfy in order to be approved for sale or use in a particular country or region. They are usually mandated by legislation, and administered by a government body. The regulations concern aspects such as lighting, controls, crashworthiness, environment protection and theft protection, and might include safety belts or automated features.

Government regulation in the automotive industry directly affects the way cars look, how their components are designed, the safety features that are included, and the overall performance of any given vehicle. As a result, these regulations also have a significant effect on the automotive business by generally increasing production costs while also placing limitations on how cars are sold and marketed. Automotive regulations are designed to benefit the consumer and protect the environment, and automakers can face stiff fines and other penalties if they are not followed.

— investopedia, [1]

History

Some countries have had national regulations for a long time. The first steps toward harmonizing vehicle regulations internationally were made in 1952 when WP.29, a working party of experts on vehicles' technical requirements, was created. This resulted in the 1958 Agreement on uniform conditions of approval and mutual recognition of vehicle approvals, components, and parts. This was one of the first international agreements on vehicle regulation, which initially focused on European countries. The European Union played a role in harmonizing regulations between member states. Later, the 1958 agreement was opened to non-European countries such as Japan, Korea, and Australia.

To join the WP.29, one has to send a letter signed by an important official from their country or regional economic integration organization (REIO) informing the secretariat of WP.29 that they would like to participate in meetings regarding the harmonization of vehicle regulations (United Nations).[2] The next step to participate would be to get the registration form completed by delegates who are also attending the meeting. Other parties such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) must be of certified advisory status to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC).

There was a new international agreement in 1998 whose objectives were to improve global safety, decrease environmental pollution and consumption of energy and improve anti‐theft performance of vehicles and related components and equipment through establishing global technical regulations (GTRs) in a Global Registry based on UNECE Regulations or national regulations listed in a Compendium of candidates, GTR harmonizing them at the highest level. In 2000, WP.29 became the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations that is a working party of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

In 1947 the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) was established to reconstruct Europe after the war took place, expand profitable activity, and nourish relationships between European countries and the rest of the nation. With the help of UNECE, it is used as policy dialogue, economic dialogue, and assist countries in their intermingling into the global economy. UNECE attempts to maintain amicable relationships amongst other countries involving transport, trade, statistics, energy, forestry, housing, and land management (UN. ECE).[3] UNECE is multisector that is a tool used to tackle hardships that may arise providing solutions when possible.

Geographical regulations

Table of regulations

Global regulations and their relation with national / regional law

Specific national / regional regulations

Other shared regulations

UNECE regulations

Countries participating in the (1958 agreement) World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

Japan applies and is a member of the following UNECE regulations[12]

OECD regulations

European union follows OECD regulations for tractors, for instance:

Bilateral agreements

Some trade agreements such as the EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement may contain reference to a matching mapping of local requirements, for instance such mappings exists in appendix 2-C of the EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement.[15][16]

Example of differences

Vehicles meeting EU standards offer reduced risk of serious injury in frontal/side crashes and have driver‐side mirrors that reduce risk in lane-change crashes better, while vehicles meeting US standards provide a lower risk of injury in rollovers and have headlamps that make pedestrians more conspicuous.

— Carol A. Flannagan, Andrée Bélint, ..., Comparing motor-vehicle crash risk of EU and US vehicles, 1 January 2015[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ "How Does Government Regulation Affect the Automotive Sector?".
  2. ^ "World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29)". United Nations Digital Library System. 2019.
  3. ^ "FAQ - Transport - UNECE". www.unece.org. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
  4. ^ Bailey, R. Sadler (2018-10-31). "The "New NAFTA" and its Effects on Safety and the Environment". Bailey & Greer. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  5. ^ Infrastructure. "Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 4/05 - Seatbelts) 2012". www.legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  6. ^ Rheinl, TÜV; Japan (24 November 2015). "Electric Cars: The Role of Standards in Japan and Abroad - Japan Industry News". Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  7. ^ "Regs 1-20 - Transport - UNECE". Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  8. ^ the column contains few non UN regulations
  9. ^ "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations". one.nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  10. ^ "Global Technical Regulations (GTRs) | UNECE". unece.org. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  11. ^ "Automotive Research and Development, Automotive Service Provider, India, Vehicle Type Certification, Automotive Testing and Calibration, Vehicle Design Labs, Advanced Automotive Design Standards, Automotive Engineering Course".
  12. ^ "World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. 2020" (PDF). UNECE. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  13. ^ OCDE codes. Tracteurs code OECD (in French)
  14. ^ OCDE codes. Tracteurs code OECD (in French)
  15. ^ "Access2Markets EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement". trade.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  16. ^ Appendix 2-C Official Journal of the European Union
  17. ^ Flannagan, Carol A.; b\Ue1Lint, Andr\ue1s; Klinich, Kathleen D.; Sander, Ulrich; Manary, Miriam A.; Cuny, Sophie; McCarthy, Michael; Phan, Vuthy; Wallbank, Caroline; Green, Paul E.; Sui, Bo; Forsman, \uc5sa; Fagerlind, Helen (2018). "Comparing motor-vehicle crash risk of EU and US vehicles". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 117: 392–397. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.003. hdl:2027.42/112977. PMID 29482897. S2CID 3587667.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

External links