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Список сокращений для глоссирования

В данной статье перечислены общепринятые сокращения грамматических терминов, которые используются в лингвистическом подстрочном толковании устных языков [ прим. 1] на английском языке.

Список содержит общепринятые глоссы, установленные стандартными перечнями сокращений глоссов, такими как правила глоссов Лейпцигского глоссова [2] , наиболее широко известный стандарт. Синонимичные глоссы перечислены в качестве альтернатив для справочных целей. В некоторых случаях перечислены длинные и краткие стандартные формы, предназначенные для текстов, где этот глосс встречается редко или необычно.

Конвенции

Однако эти сокращения обычно используются в качестве основы для толкований для симметричных залоговых систем (ранее называвшихся согласованием «триггера», а некоторыми до сих пор «фокуса» (что вводит в заблуждение, поскольку это не грамматический фокус ), например, AV (голос агента), BF (фокус бенефициара), LT (локатив «триггер»).

Списки

Несокращенные английские слова, используемые в качестве глоссов, не включены в список ниже. Необходимо проявлять осторожность с короткими глоссами, такими как AT , BY , TO и UP , которые потенциально могут быть либо сокращениями, либо (как в этих случаях) несокращенными английскими предлогами, используемыми в качестве глоссов.

Прозрачные соединения приведенных ниже глосс, такие как REMPST или REM.PST «далекое прошлое», соединение REM «далекое» и PST «прошедшее», не перечислены отдельно.

Сокращения, начинающиеся с N- (обобщенный префикс глоссирования для non- , in- , un- ), не приводятся отдельно, если только у них нет альтернативных форм, которые включены. Например, NPST non-past не приводятся, так как его можно составить из N- non- + PST past . Это соглашение основано на правилах глоссирования Лейпцига. [2] Некоторые авторы используют строчную букву n , например n H для 'non-human'. [16]

Некоторые источники переходят от классической лятивной ( LAT, -L ) терминологии к 'направленной' ( DIR ), с сопутствующими изменениями в сокращениях. Другие авторы противопоставляют -lative и -directive. [17]

Некоторые источники используют альтернативные сокращения, чтобы отличить, например, номинализатор от номинализации , [18] или более короткие сокращения для составных глоссов в синтетических морфемах, чем для независимых глоссов в агглютинативных морфемах. [19] Это редко отдельные морфосинтаксические категории в языке, хотя некоторые из них могут быть выделены в исторической лингвистике. Они не выделены ниже, поскольку любое такое использование, как правило, является идиосинкразическим для автора.

Пунктуация и цифры

Грамматические сокращения

Kinship

It is common to abbreviate grammatical morphemes but to translate lexical morphemes. However, kin relations commonly have no precise translation, and in such cases they are often glossed with anthropological abbreviations. Most of these are transparently derived from English; an exception is 'Z' for 'sister'. (In anthropological texts written in other languages, abbreviations from that language will typically be used, though sometimes the single-letter abbreviations of the basic terms listed below are seen.) A set of basic abbreviations is provided for nuclear kin terms (father, mother, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter); additional terms may be used by some authors, but because the concept of e.g. 'aunt' or 'cousin' may be overly general or may differ between communities, sequences of basic terms are often used for greater precision. There are two competing sets of conventions, of one-letter and two-letter abbreviations:[138][139][48][24][140]

These are concatenated, e.g. MFZS = MoFaSiSo 'mother's father's sister's son', yBWF = yBrWiFa 'younger brother's wife's father'. 'Elder/older' and 'younger' may affix the entire string, e.g. oFaBrSo (an older cousin – specifically father's brother's son), MBDy (a younger cousin – specifically mother's brother's daughter) or a specific element, e.g. MFeZS 'mother's father's elder sister's son', HMeB 'husband's mother's elder brother'.

'Gen' indicates the generation relative to the ego, with ∅ for the same (zero) generation. E.g. Gen∅Ch (child of someone in the same generation, i.e. of a sibling or cousin); ♂Gen+1F (female one generation up, i.e. mother or aunt, of a male); Gen−2M (male two generations down, i.e. grandson or grandnephew).

'Cross' and 'parallel' indicate a change or lack of change in gender of siblings in the chain of relations. Parallel aunts and uncles are MoSi and FaBr; cross-aunts and uncles are FaSi and MoBr. Cross-cousins (+Cu) and parallel cousins (∥Cu) are children of the same. Parallel niece and nephew are children of a man's brother or woman's sister; cross-niece and nephew are the opposite. 'Elder' and 'younger' occurs before these markers: o∥Cu, y+Cu, and the gender of the ego comes at the very beginning, e.g. ♂o∥CuF, ♀y+CuM.

Literature

Notes

  1. ^ The transcription and glossing of sign languages is in its infancy. Glossing is typically a sign-by-sign translation with almost no grammatical parsing. Some of the few standardized conventions are:
    A— (sign A held in its final position)
    A#B (A and B signed simultaneously)
    A^B (host-clitic combination)
    ____t (non-manual marking for topic)
    ____y/n (non-manual marking for polar question)
    IX or INDEX (3rd-person referents / pointing signs)[1]
  2. ^ 3SG.N should be fully abbreviated to 3ns, rather than to *3nsg, to avoid confusion with 3NSG (3 non-singular).

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