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Isotopes of bismuth

Bismuth (83Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from 184Bi to 224Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×1019 years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic 210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. 210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes

  1. ^ mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ^ Modes of decay:
  6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  7. ^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  8. ^ a b # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  9. ^ Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
  10. ^ Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np
  11. ^ Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
  12. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 238U
  13. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 235U
  14. ^ Intermediate decay product of 232Th
  15. ^ Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
  16. ^ A byproduct of thorium reactors via 233U.
  17. ^ Intermediate decay product of 237Np

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (213Bi) has a half-life of 45 minutes and decays via alpha emission. Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, which populates its progenitor actinium-225. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with 213Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.[8] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel bred by thorium reactors.

References

  1. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  5. ^ Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: 186Bi and the new nuclide 184Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  6. ^ Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus 185Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl:20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641. S2CID 233794940.
  8. ^ Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.