stringtranslate.com

Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom

The timeline of children's rights in the United Kingdom includes a variety of events that are both political and grassroots in nature.

The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is not legally enforceable and is hence 'aspirational' only, although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that, "The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child."[1] Eighteen years after ratification, the four Children's Commissioners in the UK (including those for the three devolved administrations) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation, making children's rights recognised and legally binding.[2]

Opponents of children's rights often raise the objection that rights must entail responsibilities.[3] The children's rights movement asserts rather that children have rights which adults, states and the government have a responsibility to uphold.[4] Overall, a 2008 report stated that there had been no improvement in children's rights in the UK since 2002.[5] Warning that there is a "widely held fear of children and young people" in the UK, the report says: "The incessant portrayal of children as thugs and yobs" not only reinforces the fears of the public but also influences policy and legislation."[6] The report does not address the question of the degree to which the fear of uncontrolled children in the UK is justified.

The UNCRC defines children, for the purposes of the Convention, as persons under the age 18, unless domestic legislation provides otherwise. In that spirit, this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority, which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18. Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK, the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations, so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies.

Pre-19th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

References

  1. ^ Extract from Sahin v Germany, Grand Chamber judgment of the ECHR, 8 July 2003, as quoted in "4. Memorandum from Allan Levy QC and Peter Newell", Joint Committee on Human Rights. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  2. ^ (2008) UK Commissioners' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. UK Commissioners. p 34. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  3. ^ Travis, A. "Children's jail staff given wider powers of restraint", The Guardian, London, 19 June 2007..
  4. ^ Adtunji, J. "Prisons: Child secure units still use adult restraint methods, says inspector", The Guardian, London, 9 July 2008..
  5. ^ a b (2008) UK Commissioners' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. UK Commissioners. p 4. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  6. ^ (2008) UK Commissioners' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. UK Commissioners. p 33. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  7. ^ Heinze, Rudolph W. (1976). The proclamations of the Tudor kings, p. 118. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20938-2
  8. ^ Records of the Parliament of Scotland official website. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  9. ^ Bryant, Sophie pp37-55 : Liberty, order and law under native Irish rule
  10. ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  11. ^ "December 1678, trial of Stephen Arrowsmith". Old Bailey Proceedings Online. 11 December 1678. Retrieved 4 February 2019. ...her consent would not save him, for the Statute provides, that a Child under 10 years of age, should not be abused with, or without her Consent
  12. ^ Higginbotham, P. "Workhouses - the Story of Workhouses." Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  13. ^ "Thomas Coram: 1668-1751". Retrieved 7/25/08.
  14. ^ "Victorian London - Health and Hygiene - Hospitals - Foundling Hospital". Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  15. ^ Shore, Heather. "The Idea of Juvenile Crime in 19th-century England" Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. History Today, vol. 2(6), June 2000.
  16. ^ Goodchild, Sophie. "The 200-year-old Asbos (they make Blair's Britain seem a soft touch)", The Independent, London, 19 March 2006.
  17. ^ "Catch 22". Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  18. ^ "Ragged schools and the development of youth work and informal education". infed.org. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  19. ^ Elizabeth Fry (1780 - 1845). Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  20. ^ England and Wales Poor Law History Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  21. ^ Higginbotham, Peter. "Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses" Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  22. ^ "4Learning - Secondary - Resources - History - History in Action: Women in the 20th Century - Chronology". Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  23. ^ Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. London: Penguin Books 1977. p. 293.
  24. ^ The Duty Of The State Towards The Pauper Children Of Ireland, 1909 Archived 29 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine p. 254. To access report, scroll down and click View/Open.
  25. ^ Radzinowicz, Leon; Hood, Roger (1990). The emergence of penal policy in Victorian and Edwardian England Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-825663-9
  26. ^ "Parishes in Barnet", British History Online. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  27. ^ "Faith school judgment fails to consider human rights angle". Ekklesia. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  28. ^ "Thomas John Barnardo ('The Doctor')". Infed.org. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  29. ^ "School leaving age". www.politics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2008.[title missing]
  30. ^ "goldonian.org". www.goldonian.org. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Elementary Education of Defective and Epileptic Children". Br Med J. 2 (2026): 1207–8. 1899. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2026.1207. PMC 2412294. PMID 20758708.
  32. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Birmingham" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 985.
  33. ^ "Borstal - What's in a Name?". Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  34. ^ Historical abuse in residential child care in Scotland 1950 - 1995: A literature review, The Scottish Government, 2007.
  35. ^ Mackay, Neil. "It was our duty to protect these children in remand homes. Instead they were sexually abused by staff for years" Archived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Herald, Glasgow, 1 September 2007.
  36. ^ Higginbotham, Peter. www.workhouses.org.uk "Reformatories and Industrial Schools", workhouses.org.uk.
  37. ^ Newman, Michael. "Regaining the History of Children's Rights in Schools Through the New Ideals in Education Conferences 1914-37". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  38. ^ A.S.Neill. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  39. ^ World War 1 Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, BBC History. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  40. ^ Call-up Notice. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  41. ^ The Long, Long Trail - Recruitment. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
  42. ^ a b Meller, Helen. Medicine, Biology and Women's Bodies, 1840-1940 Archived 22 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  43. ^ UNICEF Company history. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  44. ^ Summerhill School. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  45. ^ CBBC Summerhill drama. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  46. ^ "The Court Lees Approved School Affair", World Corporal Punishment Research.
  47. ^ Higginbotham, Peter. Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ^ "UK's 'Schindler' awaits Nobel vote" BBC News Online, London, 1 February 2008.
  49. ^ Education leaving age. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  50. ^ "From the League of Nations to the United Nations". www.unog.ch. United Nations Office at Geneva. Archived from the original on 14 June 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  51. ^ Hubback D. (1989). "Julian Huxley and eugenics", in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. (eds), Evolutionary studies: a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley. Macmillan, London.
  52. ^ Armytage W.H.G. (1989). "The first Director-General of UNESCO", in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. (eds), Evolutionary studies: a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley. Macmillan, London, p.188.
  53. ^ International Bureau of Education Historical Note. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
  54. ^ International Bureau of Education Directors. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  55. ^ Jean Piaget. International Bureau of Education. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  56. ^ UNICEF Briefing. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  57. ^ UN Chronicle 1965 review after UNICEF received the Nobel Peace Prize. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  58. ^ "British Light Infantry Regiments & National Service". Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2011. British Armed Forces & National Service website. Retrieved 6 September 2008
  59. ^ 'Warfare to Welfare'. Community Care Article. Retrieved 29 November 2009
  60. ^ Linklater, Magnus; Holman, Bob. "Letter to The Times prompted huge response and The Children Act of 1948", The Times, London, 28 July 2008.
  61. ^ Melanie Tebbutt, Making Youth: A History of Youth in Modern Britain (2016).
  62. ^ Selina Todd and Hilary Young. "Baby-Boomers to 'Beanstalkers' Making the Modern Teenager in Post-War Britain." Cultural and Social History 9#3 (2012): 451-467.
  63. ^ Tisdall, Laura (2015). "Inside the 'blackboard jungle' male teachers and male pupils at English secondary modern schools in fact and fiction, 1950 to 1959". Cultural and Social History. 12 (4): 489–507. doi:10.1080/14780038.2015.1088265.
  64. ^ Mills, Helena (2016). "Using the personal to critique the popular: women's memories of 1960s youth". Contemporary British History. 30 (4): 463–483. doi:10.1080/13619462.2016.1206822.
  65. ^ [1][permanent dead link] Resolution 1386 adopted at the 14th session of the General Assembly. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  66. ^ UN Background Note. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  67. ^ "Corporal Punishment In British Reformatories And Institutions", World Corporal Punishment Research.
  68. ^ [2] The 1964 Kilbrandon report. Retrieved 26 August 2008
  69. ^ 'Offender management' in Scotland: the first hundred years Archived 21 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  70. ^ Law Reform Commission Paper Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 August 2008
  71. ^ Education leaving age. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  72. ^ Webster, Richard (28 January 2002). "The new injustices". www.newstatesman.com. New Statesman. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  73. ^ [3][usurped]. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  74. ^ "The Scarman Report", BBC News Online, London, 27 April 2004.
  75. ^ The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, The Stationery Office, 1999.
  76. ^ Guide for Appropriate Adults Archived 26 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Home Office.
  77. ^ "Our children are missing: Most vulnerable youngsters are targeted". The Independent, London, 9 March 2008.
  78. ^ "Analysis: Children's services - Young runaways: a strategy at last - Log in to Children & Young People Now". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  79. ^ Bennett, Rosemary (11 January 2008). "Safe Refuges to stop child runaways sleeping rough". The Times, London.
  80. ^ Walker, Peter (15 November 2009). "Brown to apologise to care home children sent to Australia and Canada". The Guardian. London.
  81. ^ [4] 'Former British Child Migrants. Retrieved 28 November 2009
  82. ^ a b "Questions and answers that surround a catalogue of abuse against children". The Guardian, London, 16 February 2000.
  83. ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child.
  84. ^ UNCRC Monitoring committee 2nd report Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 August 2008
  85. ^ "Inquiry reveals abuse at Northumberland homes". Community Care, 13 June 2000.
  86. ^ "INQUEST - United Campaigns For Justice" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  87. ^ "unhchr Resources and Information". ww1.unhchr.ch.
  88. ^ a b "UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: reporting process" Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Every Child Matters. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  89. ^ "House of Commons - Health - Second Report".
  90. ^ "Sex abuse priest given four years". BBC News Online, London, 23 September 2005.
  91. ^ a b Exclusive: UK social worker blows the whistle on Jersey
  92. ^ Hill, Amelia. "Judge admits: Britain's youth courts 'in chaos'". The Observer, London, 22 October 2006.
  93. ^ "Protection of Children Act 1999". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  94. ^ Boseley, Sarah. "Paediatricians reluctant to court 'backlash'". The Guardian, London, 19 March 2008.
  95. ^ Confusion over doctors' role in protecting children Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  96. ^ Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations, UNICEF 1999. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  97. ^ Narey, Martin. "Don't give up on poor children". guardian.co.uk (blog), 20 August 2008.
  98. ^ House of Lords - Explanatory Note Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  99. ^ 9/5/00. "After Waterhouse, what?" Community Cares. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  100. ^ Summerhill Court Case. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  101. ^ Summerhill student evidence. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  102. ^ Summerhill student report for IHEU Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  103. ^ Summerhill student speech. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  104. ^ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. 55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration", United Nations. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  105. ^ "UNICEF - Monitoring and statistics - Millennium Development Goals (MDG) monitoring".
  106. ^ Early warning. Community Care, 5 August 2004.
  107. ^ "Rights4Me". Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  108. ^ Director of Children's Rights. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  109. ^ Northern Ireland Commissioner. Announcement of Appointment. Archived 30 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 24 August 2008.
  110. ^ Waugh, Paul (1 July 2003). "Another minister under fire: call for Hodge to quit over child abuse scandal". The Independent, London.
  111. ^ Victoria Climbie Inquiry - Phase Two Archived 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  112. ^ Dickson, Niall (17 December 2002). "Climbie: Legacy of an inquiry". BBC News Online, London. Note: Up to Victoria's death, the police, the social services department of many local authorities, the National Health Service, the NSPCC, and local churches all had contact with her, and noted the signs of abuse.
  113. ^ "Aims" Archived 1 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Every Child Matters. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  114. ^ The Bichard Report Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  115. ^ First phase of the Mubarek inquiry
  116. ^ "Timeline: Zahid Mubarek case". BBC News Online, 28 June 2006.
  117. ^ "'Devastating indictment' of prisons". BBC News Online, London, 29 June 2006.
  118. ^ "Scottish Children's Reporter Administration: Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 16 November 2007.
  119. ^ Branagan, Mark (18 November 2005). "Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume". Yorkshire Post, Leeds.
  120. ^ "Deepcut Review". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  121. ^ "End Child Poverty - Why End Child Poverty?". 13 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008.
  122. ^ Press release Archived 20 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Howard League press releas, 17 February 2006.
  123. ^ Howard League for Penal Reform.
  124. ^ Press release from Operation Rectangle[permanent dead link]. States of Jersey Police, 12 November 2008.
  125. ^ "Resources and practice - Every Child Matters". Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
  126. ^ Ministry of Justice Briefing Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
  127. ^ Haldane Society article Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  128. ^ An independent review of the systems in place to protect children and keep them safe in residential care between 1950 and 1995. The Scottish Government, November 2007.
  129. ^ Scottish Parliament Written answers, 8 October 2008.
  130. ^ "Policy & Practice: Children's commissioners - Four nations"[permanent dead link], Children and Young People Now. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
  131. ^ Bennett, Rosemary (11 December 2008). "Safeguards 'still not in place to prevent repeat of Baby P case'". The Times, London.

Graham, Dr. Olga. (2009) Autism: The Teratogen Fallout. Toronto: Free Press 777. Rights are needed for children with autism regarding training and educating using visual methodology, proper diagnosis and treatment etc. Rights of children to a non-hazardous environment has become urgent. Autism – the Teratogen Fallout

External links