stringtranslate.com

Highway of Tears

The Highway of Tears is a 719-kilometre (447 mi) corridor of Highway 16 between Prince George and Prince Rupert in British Columbia, Canada, which has been the location of crimes against many women, beginning in 1970 when the highway was completed. The phrase was coined during a vigil held in Terrace, British Columbia in 1998, by Florence Naziel, who was thinking of the victims' families crying over their loved ones.[1] There are a disproportionately high number of Indigenous women on the list of victims, hence the association with the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) movement.

Proposed explanations for the years-long endurance of the crimes and the limited progress in identifying culprits include poverty, drug abuse, widespread domestic violence, disconnection with traditional culture and disruption of the family unit through the foster care system and Canadian Indian residential school system.[2][3][4][5] Poverty in particular leads to low rates of vehicle ownership and mobility; thus, hitchhiking is often the only way for many to travel vast distances to see family or go to work, school, or seek medical treatment. The lack of public transportation between communities was at one time a major factor. Another factor leading to unsolved disappearances is that the area is largely isolated and remote. Soft soil in many areas makes burial easier and carnivorous scavengers often carry away human remains.[6][7][8]

Victims

There is a large proportion of indigenous women among the victims, hence the association with the missing and murdered Indigenous women (MMIW) movement. Accounts vary as to the exact number of victims. According to the RCMP Project E-Pana, the number of victims is fewer than 18,[9][10] while Aboriginal organizations estimate that the number of missing and murdered women is higher than 40.[10][11] The table below lists all the known women who went missing, were murdered, or died of unknown causes in the Highway of Tears. E-Pana cases are categorized in the table.

Investigation and suspects

Highway of Tears corridor, including some paved egresses from outlying communities to Highway 16.
Highway of Tears corridor, including some paved egresses from outlying communities to Highway 16.

The first investigation by RCMP that tried to look at Highway of Tears as linked cases was opened in December 1998.[197] However, the list of cases as it existed back then included three additional male victims – Larry Vu, Eric Charles Coss, and Phillip Innes Fraser.[198] To date, a number of people have been convicted in cases related to the Highway of Tears. Three serial killers are among those charged, Brian Peter Arp, Edward Dennis Isaac, and Cody Legebokoff.

Although he was not publicly implicated in any Highway of Tears cases, Bobby Jack Fowler was implicated in numerous non-Highway-of-Tears E-Pana cases. Fowler died in prison and has never been charged in the deaths of any of the Highway of Tears victims. It is possible that Fowler was linked to the Highway of Tears cases because he worked for a now closed Prince George company called Happy's Roofing in 1974, which was the same year that Monica Ignas went missing in Terrace, BC.[199] Former Vancouver police geographic profiler Kim Rossmo is on the record having said that in his opinion Fowler is not responsible for any of the crimes along Highway 16 between 1989 and 2006.[200]

In 2009, police converged on a property in Isle Pierre, in rural Prince George, to search for the remains of Nicole Hoar, a young tree planter who went missing on Highway 16 on June 21, 2002. The property was once owned by Leland "Chuggy" Vincent Switzer, who served a prison sentence for the second-degree murder of his brother and is out on day parole as of late 2016.[201] The RCMP also searched the property for the other missing women from the Highway of Tears; however, no further actions followed the investigation.[3] RCMP Sgt. Wayne Clary said they may never solve all of the cases and that it will be the "people in the communities that are going to solve these crimes."[202] They do have persons of interest in several cases, but not enough evidence to lay charges.[203]

B.C. government email scandal

In an official government report, ministerial assistant George Gretes was accused of being irresponsible for "triple deleting" all emails relating to the Highway of Tears from the email account of Tim Duncan, former executive assistant to Transportation minister Todd Stone.[204] On 22 October 2015, Elizabeth Denham, the Information and Privacy Commissioner of British Columbia, published a 65-page report outlining how B.C. government officials had "triple deleted" emails relating to the Highway of Tears.[204]

In her report Access Denied, Denham describes the act of "triple deleting" as transferring an email to the "deleted" folder on a computer system, deleting the email from the folder and then overriding the backup that permits the system to retrieve deleted items.[205] By deleting these files, Denham states the government had breached the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.[204] Denham became aware of the scandal in May 2015 after she received a letter from Tim Duncan, the former executive assistant to Transportation Minister Todd Stone.[204] Duncan claimed that as he was responding to an FOI (Freedom of Information) application, ministerial assistant George Gretes ordered for Duncan to search his records for any files pertaining to the Highway of Tears and missing women. Once the files were located, Duncan testified that Gretes ordered for them to be deleted. When Duncan hesitated, Gretes allegedly took the keyboard and "triple deleted" all of the emails relating to the Highway of Tears.[204]

According to Denham, Gretes originally denied this claim but later admitted to the triple deletion during a second police interview.[206] Denham states that Gretes—who resigned from his job in October 2015—would have then lied under oath.[206] A year earlier in the summer of 2014, a team from the Transportation Ministry toured Highway 16 and conducted numerous meetings with Aboriginal leaders and communities.[204]

The significance of this project was to produce safer travel solutions for women living along Highway 16, many of whom had turned to hitchhiking as a way of transportation. In November 2014, the NDP made the FOI request seeking all government files pertaining to missing women, the Highway of Tears and meetings arranged by the ministry: the report Duncan would later respond to. Despite a two-month tour and multiple meetings, the B.C. government claimed the FOI request produced no files relating to the Highway of Tears.[204]

According to Denham's report, these records did exist until government officials destroyed them in order to "skirt freedom of information laws".[207] In Access Denied, Denham called upon the RCMP to further investigate the triple deletion of government files.[206] In November 2015, Vancouver lawyer Mark Jetté was appointed as special prosecutor within the RCMP investigation. Jetté will act as the RCMP's independent legal adviser as well as administer an independent assessment of the evidence. He will also pursue any criminal charges that may be found appropriate.[208] Gretes was convicted of one count of lying to the British Columbia privacy commissioner and fined $2,500.[209]

Project E-Pana

In 2005, the RCMP launched a provincially funded project, E-Pana, which started with a focus on some of the unsolved murders and disappearances of female children and young women along Highway 16.[210] E-Pana sought to discover if there was a single serial killer at work or a multitude of killers operating along the highway. The unit started with 3 cases in 2005, then the unit investigated 9 cases in 2006, but by 2007, its caseload had doubled to 18 and its geographical scope began spanning large parts of the province and not just the Highway of Tears.[210]

The victims involved within the E-Pana investigation followed the criteria of being female, participating in a high-risk lifestyle, known to hitchhike, and were last seen or their bodies were discovered within a mile from Highway 16, Highway 97, and Highway 5.[210] In the 2009/2010 year, E-Pana received over $5 million in annual funding but has since declined due to budget cutbacks; receiving only $806,109 for the 2013/2014 year.[211] In 2013, Craig Callens, the RCMP deputy commissioner, warned that further budget reductions from the provincial government would greatly affect the Highway of Tears investigations; however, he didn't say this would affect the E-Pana cases which aren't Highway of Tears.[212]

A 2014 freedom-of-information request stated that the task force had dropped from 70 officers to 12 officers since 2010.[211] E-Pana is responsible for linking the homicide of 16-year-old Colleen MacMillen, who was killed in 1974, with the now-deceased American criminal Bobby Jack Fowler.[211] E-Pana now considers Fowler a suspect in the murders of two other highway victims, Gale Weys and Pamela Darlington, both of whom were killed in the 1970s.[213]

In 2014, investigations by E-Pana and the Provincial Unsolved Homicide Unit brought murder charges against Garry Taylor Handlen for the death of 12-year-old Monica Jack in 1978.[214] He was found guilty by jury and sentenced to life in prison in early 2019, thus Monica Jack's murder becomes the first file in Project E-Pana to officially be solved with full court proceedings and sentence.[215] E-Pana is still investigating the remaining unsolved cases although it is unlikely that all will be solved.[211]

Racism

Some critics argue that the lack of results arising from this investigation is the result of systemic racism.[216] This was also reported to be an issue in the case of Vancouver's missing women and the Robert Pickton murders.[217][218][219] Activists argue that media coverage of these cases has been limited, claiming that "media assign a lesser value to aboriginal women".[220]

Furthermore, despite the fact that these disappearances date back as far as 1970, it was not until 2005 that an RCMP task force was launched to look into similarities between the cases. Nicole Hoar, a white woman who disappeared in 2002, received a disproportionate amount of media attention at the time of her disappearance. Hers was the first of the Highway of Tears cases to be covered in The Globe and Mail, Vancouver Sun, and Edmonton Journal. Gladys Radek, a native activist and the aunt of victim Tamara Chipman, "believes that if it weren't for Hoar, the police would have invested less effort in investigating cases, and the media would have done little, if anything, to inform the public about the tragedies along the road."[220]

Recommendation reports

Numerous municipalities and 23 First Nations communities border the Highway of Tears.[221][222] The rural region is plagued with poverty and lacks public transportation; many residents turn to hitchhiking as a form of transit or partake in high risk lifestyles to survive.[223] Poverty and a lack of public transit has forced many disadvantaged Aboriginal women to turn to hitchhiking as a cheap means of transportation along Highway 16.[224] Many of the Highway of Tears victims were last seen or reported to be hitchhiking before their disappearances.[38] In March 2006, various Aboriginal groups hosted a two-day Highway of Tears symposium at the CN Center in Prince George.[38] In attendance to the event were the victim's families and over 500 Aboriginal leaders from across British Columbia. Shortly thereafter, the Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report was issued with 33 recommendations to improve public transit, deter hitchhiking, and prevent violence towards Aboriginal women.[38]

Some of the recommendations from the report include a shuttle bus operation along Highway 16, improved educational, health and social services for Aboriginal people as well counseling and mental health groups organized by Aboriginal workers. These propositions are part of a long-term recommendation to directly confront the issue of First Nations inter-generational poverty.[38] The Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report was endorsed by B.C. inquiry commissioner Wally Oppal in his 2012 Missing Women Commission of Inquiry recommendations.[225] Oppal's public inquiry report into the Robert Pickton case demanded urgent transportation improvement along Highway 16. Like the Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report, Oppal's report also suggested implementing a shuttle bus service along Highway 16 to deter young women from hitchhiking.[225]

On 24 November 2015, the First Nations Health Authority and B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure held the Northern Transportation Symposium in Smithers, British Columbia.[226] The symposium included Aboriginal communities and municipalities along Highway 16 and focused on the issue of medical and non-medical transportation in those regions.[226] Discussions included and expanded upon the 2006 Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report and the 2012 Missing Women Commission of Inquiry recommendations.[226] In June 2016, Transportation Minister Todd Stone announced that as the result of collaboration across local communities, a bus service would become available along Highway 16. The project will be joint funded by the federal government and the government of British Columbia.[227] In June 2017, a subsidized transit service began operations on alternating days along a 400 kilometres (250 mi) section between Prince George and Burns Lake.[228]

Media and awareness efforts

Awareness campaign for Madison Scott, missing in 2011 along the Highway of Tears.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Murdered and missing native women remain unsolved mysteries". Terrace Standard. 30 September 1998.
  2. ^ a b Lee, Miyoung (17 November 2009). "BC's infamous 'Highway of Tears'". CBC Digital Archives. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  3. ^ a b c "Highway of Vanishing Women", Daily Beast, 10 July 2011
  4. ^ Tallman, Rebecca A. (2014). Representations of security and insecurity in the Highway of Tears (MA thesis). University of Northern British Columbia. OCLC 1330564799.
  5. ^ "The Taken: Who qualifies as a serial killer and more on the data behind the project". Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  6. ^ Lovegrove, Donald (23 February 2013). "Northern BC & Haida Gwaii". British Columbia Travel and Adventure Vacations. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Brian Arp vs Her Majesty The Queen" (PDF). CanLii. 18 June 1998.
  8. ^ "Soils of the Prince George, McLeod Lake area – MOE Technical Document 29" (PDF). Ministry of Environment.
  9. ^ Hall, Neal. "Police reveal details of E-Pana investigation into 18 female unsolved cases in northern B.C." vancouversun.com. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Project E-PANA – Missing Women (photos)". bc.cb.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  11. ^ Human Rights Watch, 2013, Those Who Take Us Away: Abusive Policing and Failures in Protection of Indigenous Women and Girls in Northern British Columbia, Canada https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/canada0213webwcover_0.pdf
  12. ^ "Canadians urged to listen to Indigenous women's stories: 'How would they cope living a life like I've lived?'". Vancouver Sun. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  13. ^ "MMIW Transcript" (PDF). mmiwg-ffada.ca. 6 April 2018.
  14. ^ "B.C. woman's search for birth mother turns up missing person's case". CBC News. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  15. ^ CULBERT, LORI. "Still missing, and missed, after 40 years". vancouversun.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  16. ^ "Unresolved: Jean Virginia Sampare". cbc.ca. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  17. ^ "CANADA – Canada – Jean Sampare, 18, Vancouver, 14 Oct 1971". Websleuths. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  18. ^ "Cold case murder: 14-year-old girl vanishes along Highway of Tears". Global News. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  19. ^ "Monica Ignas – Dec 13, 1974 – 15 – Murdered – Terrace – HOT Probe". unsolvedcanada.ca. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  20. ^ TIMSON, JUDITH. "Two (bitter) solitudes | Maclean's | SEPTEMBER 20, 1976". Maclean's | The Complete Archive. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  21. ^ a b Crook, Marion; Moran, Bridget (October 2010). Judgement at Stoney Creek: Teenagers and Adoption. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4587-8309-7.
  22. ^ "Bridget Moran fonds [Accession # 2008.3] – Fonds Description and File Level Inventory" (PDF). search.nbca.unbc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Private Citizen Laying Charges" (PDF). ona.org. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  24. ^ "Unresolved: Mary Jane Hill". cbc.ca. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  25. ^ a b c d "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  26. ^ a b c "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  27. ^ a b "Charge Laid in 1981 Murder". PG Public Library / PG Citizen. 6 February 1988. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  29. ^ "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  30. ^ a b "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  31. ^ "Nearly 3 decades ago, a family disappeared. Police are still looking". CBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  32. ^ a b "A TOWN CALLED PODUNK: Seventeen years later, Cold case still holds Rupert's interest". A TOWN CALLED PODUNK. 9 July 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  33. ^ "Unresolved: Alberta Gail Williams". cbc.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  34. ^ "Unresolved: Alberta Gail Williams". cbc.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  35. ^ "S1 Episode 0: Who Killed Alberta Williams? – Missing & Murdered: Finding Cleo". Spotify. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  36. ^ "S1 Episode 1: The Tip – Missing & Murdered: Finding Cleo". Spotify. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  37. ^ "S1 Episode 7: The Notebooks (Part Two) – Missing & Murdered: Finding Cleo". Spotify. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  38. ^ a b c d e "The Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendations Report" (PDF). Turtle Island.
  39. ^ "Missing & Murdered: The Unsolved Cases of Indigenous Women and Girls – Cecilia Nikal". CBC News.
  40. ^ "Cecilia Anne Nikal, Missing since 1989". Websleuths. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  41. ^ "Missing and Murdered Aboriginal Women". cbc.ca. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  42. ^ a b "Conference Tackles Missing Women Crisis – First Nations Drum Newspaper". First Nations Drum Newspaper. 3 September 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  43. ^ Godbout, Neil. "Peckham lived an extraordinary life". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  44. ^ a b "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  45. ^ a b c d Peebles, Frank. "Three-generation wipeout still under investigation". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  46. ^ "Delphine Nikal, Missing from British Columbia since 1990". justicefornativewomen.com. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  47. ^ "Disappearance – Delphine Anne Camelia Nikal". Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  48. ^ a b "Prince George Free Press » Dangerous offender". pgfreepress.com. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  49. ^ "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  50. ^ "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  51. ^ "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  52. ^ "Prince George Digitization". PG Newspapers. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  53. ^ "Prince George Digitization". PG Newspapers. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  54. ^ Government of Canada, RCMP (16 November 2022). "Prince George RCMP - Found human remains linked to 1990 homicide". bc-cb.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  55. ^ "Defending the battered". Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  56. ^ "Prince George killer a free man". CBC. 19 March 1999. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  57. ^ "The Death and Afterlife of Ramona Wilson | Hazlitt". Hazlitt. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  58. ^ "B.C. Crime Stoppers: The case of 16-year-old Ramona Wilson of Smithers". Global News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  59. ^ a b c Hall, Neal; Culbert, Lori. "Unsolved cases of murdered and missing girls and women along B.C. and Alberta highways, from 1969 to 2006". vancouversun.com. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  60. ^ a b "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  61. ^ a b c d "Prince George Digitization | PG Newspapers". pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  62. ^ "Unresolved: Lana Patricia Derrick". cbc.ca. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  63. ^ Keller, James. "First Nations, cities say B.C. has known how to fix Highway of Tears for years". theprovince.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  64. ^ "Battered Woman Can't Sue Over Ex-Husband's Deadly Rampage". Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  65. ^ a b "Court lets RCMP off the hook: Woman sued police'". 23 July 2004.
  66. ^ Nielsen, Mark. "Ratte's murder appeal denied". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  67. ^ a b "Prince George man sentenced for wife's murder". CBC News. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  68. ^ Obituaries (9 December 2016). "Linda Geraldine LeFranc Obituary". Kitimat Northern Sentinel. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  69. ^ a b "Sexual assault charges stayed for man arrested while on parole for murder". Abbotsford News. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  70. ^ a b "Walton v. Simpson et al, 2000 BCSC 0311" (PDF). 21 February 2000.
  71. ^ a b "4-year-old beaten to death, says doctor". CBC News. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  72. ^ "Unresolved: Amanda Jean Simpson". cbc.ca. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  73. ^ Atwool, Nicola (16 May 2018). "Challenges of operationalizing trauma-informed practice in child protection services in New Zealand". Child & Family Social Work. 24: 25–32. doi:10.1111/cfs.12577. ISSN 1356-7500.
  74. ^ "Amanda Jean Simpson (4) – Unsolved Murder (Prince George) 1999". unsolvedcanada.ca. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  75. ^ "Lethbridge Herald, January 11, 2000, p. 5". 11 January 2000. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  76. ^ "Google Groups". groups.google.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  77. ^ a b "Prince George Free Press » Wolfe sentenced to maximum". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  78. ^ 6 July 2000. "Former Yukoner shot in Prince George". CBC. Retrieved 6 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ a b "Husband charged with murder". CBC. 6 July 2000. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  80. ^ a b "A terrible, troubling death: The story of Savannah Hall". Vancouver Sun. 15 October 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  81. ^ "Unresolved: Savannah Briana Marie Hall". cbc.ca. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  82. ^ "CSO – Home". justice.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  83. ^ a b "Unresolved: Ada Elaine Brown". cbc.ca. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  84. ^ a b "Prince George Free Press » Faulkner family upset but not surprised by Neudorf appeal". Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  85. ^ "Help Crime Stoppers: Young woman goes missing in Prince George in 2002". Global News. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  86. ^ "Former Owner of Pinewood Rd Property Had Theories on Nicole Hoar Case – Opinion 250 – News for Northern and Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada". 250news.theexplorationplace.com. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  87. ^ "RCMP conclude search of land near Highway of Tears". Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  88. ^ "Teenage tragedies stun town". Ammsa.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  89. ^ "Not murder or suicide". HTMF. May 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  90. ^ a b Cawthorne, Nigel (1 September 2011). The Mammoth Book of Killers at Large. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-78033-362-5.
  91. ^ "Unsolved Murders in British Columbia". unsolvedcanada.ca. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  92. ^ "B.C. man gets 12-year sentence in manslaughter". Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  93. ^ "Stop the violence – BC Local News". BC Local News. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  94. ^ "Man gets 12 years for manslaughter of his cousin from Fort Saint James". Vancouver Sun. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2020 – via PressReader.
  95. ^ "Arrest made in Joseph homicide". pdfslide.net. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  96. ^ "Prince George Free Press » Teens robbed". pgfreepress.com. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  97. ^ "Elderly woman missing in northern B.C." CBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  98. ^ "Prince George BC sex attack files". unsolvedcanada.ca. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  99. ^ "Prince George Free Press » The serious crimes unit of the Prince George RCMP confirmed Tuesday that Melanie Dawn Brown, 31, of Prince George is the sixth homicide of the year". pgfreepress.com. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  100. ^ "Mary George, Missing from British Columbia since 2005". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  101. ^ McDiarmid, Jessica (2019). Highway of Tears: A True Story of Racism, Indifference and the Pursuit of Justice for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Canada: Doubleday Canada. p. 332. ISBN 9780385687577.
  102. ^ Family searches for clues as seventh girl disappears | Ammsa.com
  103. ^ "Family searches for clues as seventh girl disappears". Ammsa.com. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  104. ^ "Unresolved: Tamara Lynn Chipman". cbc.ca. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  105. ^ "Prince George Free Press » Judge sentences killer to life". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  106. ^ "Prince George Free Press » RCMP say body was moved". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  107. ^ "Crime Stoppers: One of the youngest of the known victims along Highway of Tears". Global News. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  108. ^ Handout. "Aielah Saric Auger". vancouversun.com. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  109. ^ "Prince George Free Press » Distraught family needs help Public asked to participate in consultation". pgfreepress.com. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  110. ^ "Terrace Daily: Stephanie Donnelly was wrong target". mwpr.ca. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  111. ^ a b "Mentally Ill Killer Stabs Friend While on Community Pass". Vancouver Sun. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  112. ^ "Northern Sentinel: Former Kitimatian charged in Vancouver Chinatown stabbings". northernsentinel.com. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  113. ^ "CBC News: Reasons for releasing Chinatown stabbing suspect from psychiatric hospital should be public: B.C. Review Board". cbc.ca. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  114. ^ "I Am Missing". iammissing.ca. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  115. ^ a b c d FM, Player, Bonnie Joseph: Highway Of Tears, retrieved 28 September 2018
  116. ^ a b c d e "Highway of Tears: Full and Detailed List. 27 cases, 22 unsolved". Considering Cold Cases. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  117. ^ "Bonnie Joseph, Missing from British Columbia since 2007". justicefornativewomen.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  118. ^ Peebles, Frank (13 June 2009). "Before he was a gangster, Garrett was my son". Prince George Public Library, PG Citizen Archives.
  119. ^ a b "Police link slain couple to earlier gun battle". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  120. ^ a b c d e f g h Nielsen, Mark. "Legebokoff guilty". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  121. ^ a b c d e "Cody Legebokoff convicted in murders of three women, teen girl". Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  122. ^ a b c d Nielsen, Mark. "Legebokoff appeal dismissed". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  123. ^ a b c d Blatchford, Christie. "Serial killer Cody Legebokoff was just another garden-variety predator". vancouversun.com. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  124. ^ "A TOWN CALLED PODUNK: Suspicious death in Cow Bay continues to generate interest". A TOWN CALLED PODUNK. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  125. ^ "Police ID body of Rupert teen". Prince George Citizen. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  126. ^ "Natasha Lynn Montgomery – Deceased – Still Missing". unsolvedcanada.ca. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  127. ^ a b "Police ID body found in Prince George". CBC News. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  128. ^ NIELSEN, Mark. "Officer details discovery of woman's body". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  129. ^ NIELSEN, Mark. "Autopsy reveals extensive injuries, Legebokoff trial hears". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  130. ^ a b "Disabled woman burned in gang arson dies". British Columbia. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  131. ^ "RCMP officer's hunch prompted arrest of Cody Legebokoff". Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  132. ^ a b "One year later investigation continues – Burns Lake Lakes District News". Burns Lake Lakes District News. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  133. ^ "Burns Lake teen arrested in murder of girl". vancouversun.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  134. ^ Makepeace, Civility. "Help Find Madison Scott".
  135. ^ Makepeace, Civility. "Prince George Citizen Local News".
  136. ^ "The body of Maddy Scott, missing since 2011, has been found in Vanderhoof". vancouversun. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  137. ^ "Remains of Madison Scott found after 12 years after mysterious disappearance from party near Vanderhoof, B.C." CBC. CBC News. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  138. ^ a b "Kitimat murderer sentenced to life in prison – Terrace Standard". Terrace Standard. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  139. ^ "Autopsy details not being released regarding Telkwa woman's death". Smithers Interior News. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  140. ^ "Man in custody after Telkwa woman dies". The Province. 12 November 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  141. ^ "It happened so quickly". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  142. ^ Nielsen, Mark. "Victim and accused were recently engaged, manslaughter trial hears". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  143. ^ Nielsen, Mark. "Gun owner blames himself for Vanderhoof woman's death, court hears". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  144. ^ Nielsen, Mark. "Shooting death yields four years in prison". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  145. ^ Nielsen, Mark. "Manslaughter trial hears counsels' closing arguments". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  146. ^ "Two men arrested for shooting death of 18 year". Burns Lake Lakes District News. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  147. ^ KelownaNow. "B.C. Men Arrested in Killing of 18-Year-Old Woman in 2012". KelownaNow. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  148. ^ "Vanderhoof Killings: Blaine Barfoot, Tara Williams Deaths Ruled A Double Homicide". HuffPost Canada. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  149. ^ a b "Man arrested for 2013 death of Destiny Rae Tom". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  150. ^ FM, Player, Immaculate Basil: At The After Party, retrieved 29 September 2018
  151. ^ "Anita Thorne – 49 – Missing – Car found at Willow River Rest area – PG, BC". unsolvedcanada.ca. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  152. ^ "Reward fundraising to help find P.G. woman". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  153. ^ "Mother and son dead after police incident in northern B.C." CBC. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  154. ^ 22 April 2016. "Mother and son killed in police-involved shooting identified by family". CBC. Retrieved 25 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  155. ^ 20 May 2016. "Police shot Granisle mother and son, investigators confirm". CBC. Retrieved 25 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  156. ^ a b Fee, Bill (8 June 2018). "IIO clears RCMP in 2016 Granisle standoff shooting deaths". CFNR :: First Nations Radio. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  157. ^ a b "No charges in police shooting deaths of Granisle mother and son". Smithers Interior News. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  158. ^ "Police seeking public's help as woman remains missing". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  159. ^ "Police seeking tips on suspected murder". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  160. ^ Government of Canada, RCMP (12 July 2017). "Prince George RCMP – UPDATE: Homicide – Roberta Marie SIMS". bc.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  161. ^ admin (2 June 2017). "Police still looking into disappearance of Roberta Marie Sims". pgdailynews.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  162. ^ Shoihet, Janelle (24 October 2017). "B.C. RCMP – Missing Person". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  163. ^ "Family suspends search for missing mushroom picker as winter weather sets in". CBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  164. ^ "'We need to bring Frances home': family keeps looking for missing mushroom picker after RCMP call off search". CBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  165. ^ "MISSING PERSON • Frances Brown • Smithers, British Columbia • 53 Years Old". British Columbia Missing Report. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  166. ^ CBC News, CBC News (23 June 2018). "Woman's death near fort st james considered suspicious". CBC News.
  167. ^ "Yekooche woman charged with manslaughter". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  168. ^ Chartr, Taylor. "Search for Telkwa's Chantelle Simpson comes to an end". My Bulkley Lakes Now. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  169. ^ "Body of missing woman found in Skeena River". Haida Gwaii Observer. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  170. ^ "Missing Smithers teenager found dead: town mayor". British Columbia. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  171. ^ "Missing Smithers girl". My Bulkley Lakes Now. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  172. ^ a b "RCMP confirm death of missing BC teen Jessica Patrick – The Columbia Valley Pioneer". The Columbia Valley Pioneer. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  173. ^ "Human remains found in Smithers". Global News. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  174. ^ "RCMP confirm human remains found last weekend are Jessica Patrick (Balczer's)". My Bulkley Lakes Now. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  175. ^ "Missing Woman in New Hazelton, BC – Cynthia Martin, 50". Missing People Canada. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  176. ^ "Missing New Hazelton Woman". CKPGToday. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  177. ^ CFNRNews. "Family of missing New Hazelton woman remain hopeful for her safe return". CFNR Network. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  178. ^ Média, Bell. "New Hazelton Woman Missing". iheartradio.ca. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  179. ^ "Missing Indigenous woman from northern B.C. found dead, police confirm". cbc.ca. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  180. ^ "RCMP continue search for Houston, B.C., woman missing for more than 2 weeks". Global News. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  181. ^ "Still no sign of missing Houston woman". Houston Today. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  182. ^ News (3 November 2019). "Dash cam footage sought as missing person search continues". BC Local News. Retrieved 30 August 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  183. ^ Média, Bell. "RCMP say missing Houston woman may have left the area". www.iheartradio.ca. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  184. ^ "Search ongoing for missing Houston person". Smithers Interior News. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  185. ^ PJXM (11 March 2020). "North District RCMP investigating suspicious death in Vanderhoof…". PJXM News. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  186. ^ "Canada Police Report". Canada Police Report. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  187. ^ "Vanderhoof man found not criminally responsible for mother's death". Prince George Citizen. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  188. ^ "Canada Police Report". Canada Police Report. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  189. ^ "Man found not criminally responsible in Vanderhoof homicide". Vanderhoof Omineca Express. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  190. ^ "UPDATE: Mounties investigating a death in Vanderhoof". Vanderhoof Omineca Express. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  191. ^ Garrett, Catherine (6 May 2020). "Vanderhoof police investigating suspicious death". My Prince George Now. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  192. ^ a b "Prince George woman charged with First Degree Murder for courthouse stabbing". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  193. ^ a b Gomez, Michelle (31 December 2021). "Charges laid in 2020 homicide of Prince George woman". CBC News. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  194. ^ Partridge, Kate (12 August 2021). "Indigenous woman killed in B.C. had said RCMP failed to respond to stalking reports". Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  195. ^ "36-year-old Prince George man arrested for city's fifth murder". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  196. ^ Paradis, Danielle (7 November 2023). "Woman from First Nation in B.C. along Highway of Tears found dead". APTN News. Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  197. ^ "Families wait for new leads in old cases". Terrace Standard. 2 December 1998.
  198. ^ "Terrace resident, Alaskan among open RCMP files". Terrace Standard. 2 December 1998.
  199. ^ Culbert, Lori. "Bobby Jack Fowler, dead U.S. sex offender, linked to three B.C. 'Highway of Tears' murders". www.ottawacitizen.com. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  200. ^ Culbert, Lori. "Serial killer Bobby Fowler probably not the main Highway of Tears murderer, profiler says". vancouversun.com. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  201. ^ NIELSEN, Mark. "Murderer granted day parole". Prince George Citizen. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  202. ^ Trumpener, Betsy (24 October 2016). "RCMP say Highway of Tears killers may never be caught". CBC. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  203. ^ Culbert, Lori (26 September 2012). "Victim's family still heartbroken after dead U.S. sex offender linked to Highway of Tears slaying".
  204. ^ a b c d e f g "B.C. government 'triple deleted' e-mails related to the Highway of Tears". The Globe and Mail.
  205. ^ "B.C. Transportation Minister Todd Stone admits to 'triple deleting' his emails". CBC.
  206. ^ a b c "Highway of Tears email deletion referred to RCMP by B.C. privacy watchdog". CBC.
  207. ^ "Email scandal uncovered a culture of 'delete, delete, delete' in B.C. government". CBC.
  208. ^ "Special prosecutor appointed to help investigate triple deletion of emails". CBC.
  209. ^ "Former political aide George Gretes fined $2,500 for misleading B.C.'s privacy commissioner".
  210. ^ a b c "Project E-Pana". BC RCMP. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  211. ^ a b c d "Police budget, officers cut in Highway of Tears probe". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  212. ^ "E-Pana Announce Significant Development and Request for Public Assistance". BC RCMP.
  213. ^ "Victim's family still heartbroken after dead U.S. sex offender linked to Highway of Tears slaying (with video)". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  214. ^ "Garry Taylor Handlen charged in 2 child slaying cold cases". CBC. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  215. ^ "Garry Handlen sentenced to life in prison, can apply for faint-hope parole in 15 years". Global News. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  216. ^ "Murder and racism along the Highway of Tears". Canada.com. 29 August 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  217. ^ "Canada serial killer inquiry finds "systemic bias" by police". Reuters. 18 December 2012.
  218. ^ Austen, Ian (17 December 2012). "Report Cites Bias by Police in Killings in Canada". New York Times.
  219. ^ Oppal, Wally T (19 November 2012). "FORSAKEN: The Report of the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry Executive Summary" (PDF). BC Government.
  220. ^ a b Rolston, Adriana (2010). "Highway of Tears Revisited". Ryerson Review of Journalism. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  221. ^ "Highway 16 Transportation Symposium Focused on Practical Solutions". Province of British Columbia. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  222. ^ "British Columbia". British Columbia.
  223. ^ "B.C. Highway of Tears study polls hitchhikers' habits". CBC. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  224. ^ "What to do about safety on Highway of Tears? B.C. already has its answer". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  225. ^ a b "Missing Women Commission of Inquiry". Missing Women Inquiry. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  226. ^ a b c "Highway 16 Transportation Symposium Focused on Practical Solutions". First Nations Health Authority. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  227. ^ "B.C. government approves regular bus service for Highway of Tears". cbc.ca. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  228. ^ Stewart, Briar. "'Safe, reliable and affordable': New bus service aims to make notorious Highway of Tears less dangerous". CBC News. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  229. ^ "LIVE: Community gathers for monumental totem pole raising along B.C.'s Highway of Tears". Trail Daily Times. 4 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  230. ^ Flowers, Ashley (16 December 2019). "SERIAL KILLER: Highway of Tears". Crime Junkie Podcast. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  231. ^ O'CONNOR, JENNIFER (Winter 2009). "FINDING DAWN". Herizons. Bnet.[permanent dead link]
  232. ^ de Vos, Gail (11 January 2008). "FINDING DAWN". Canadian Materials. XIV (10). Manitoba Library Association.
  233. ^ a b c Finding Dawn. National Film Board. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  234. ^ "Highway of Tears". 48 Hours. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  235. ^ "Film shines light on 'forgotten' Highway of Tears women". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  236. ^ "Highway of Tears documentary: Q&A with director Matthew Smiley". CBC.
  237. ^ Searchers. VICE.
  238. ^ "SEARCH RESULTS FOR "HIGHWAY OF TEARS"". Vice.
  239. ^ The National (CNBC). Canada's Missing & Murdered Aboriginal Women. YouTube Playlist. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  240. ^ Shenher, Lorimer (13 October 2015). That Lonely Section of Hell: The Botched Investigation of a Serial Killer Who Almost Got Away. Greystone Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-77164-093-0.
  241. ^ Smith, Charlie (10 March 2016). "Recovering cop and author Lorimer Shenher richly deserves his nomination for a B.C. Book Prize". Straight.com. VANCOUVER FREE PRESS. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  242. ^ White, Catriona (9 March 2017). "Why are girls disappearing all over Canada?". BBC Three. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

External links