Optical mark and character readers made and sold by IBM
IBM designed, manufactured and sold optical mark and character readers from 1960 until 1984. The IBM 1287 is notable as being the first commercially sold scanner capable of reading handwritten numbers.[1]
Initial development work
IBM Poughkeepsie studied machine character recognition from 1950 till 1954, developing an experimental machine that used a cathode-ray-tube attached an IBM 701 which performed the character analysis. They pursued a technique known as lakes and bays which examined different areas of dark and light where the lakes were white areas enclosed by black and the bays were partially enclosed areas. Their machine and mission was moved to IBM Endicott in 1954, where research continued. From 1955 to 1956 they then worked on the VIDOR (Visual Document Reader) program, but they could not get agreement on acceptable reject rate. The developers felt 80% recognition was acceptable (meaning 20% of documents would need to be manually processed), while product planners and IBM Marketing felt that compared to punched card reject rates, the reject rate was unacceptably high. This led to no new products being released.[2]
In 1956 the American Bankers Association chose to use Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) to automate check handling, rejecting a proposed solution generated by an IBM Poughkeepsie banking project that used optical characters formed by vertical bars and digits. IBM developed a magnetic read head to handle the new standard, releasing the IBM 1210 MICR reader/sorter in 1959. The development work for this product both with read heads and document handling, helped move optical character recognition forward, with development focusing on reading one or two lines of print from a paper document larger than an IBM punched card.[2] The first product to be released was the IBM 1418.
IBM 123x Optical Mark Readers
The IBM 1230, IBM 1231, and IBM 1232 were optical mark readers used to input the contents of data sources such as questionnaires, test results, surveys as well as historical data that could be easily entered as marks on sheets. Educational institutes used them to score test results and they were effectively a replacement for the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine that used electrical resistance and a mark sense pencil to score a test, rather than optical mark detection. They were developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester.[1]
They have the following features:
A pneumatic input hopper that can hold approximately 600 sheets
Two output stackers: the normal stacker that holds 600 sheets and the select (or reject) stacker which holds 50 sheets.
Pluggable SMS printed circuit cards
They can read positional marks made by a lead pencil using an optical read head that consists of photovoltaic(solar) cells and lamps
The 1230 has 21 photovoltaic cells, 20 for reading the pencil marks and one to read timing marks on the right hand border of the sheet.[3]
The 1231 and 1232 have 22 photovoltaic cells, 20 to read data, one to read timing marks and one to read a special feature called a master mark.
Input size is a 8+1⁄2 in × 11 in (22 cm × 28 cm) sheet called a data sheet that can have up to 1000 marked or printed positions per side.
Uses electromechanical devices known as sonic delay lines to store results.
IBM 1230 Optical Mark Scoring Reader
The IBM 1230 is an offline optical mark reader that can read and score 1,200 test answer sheets per hour.[5]
It uses a wire matrix to printer to print the test results on the right margin of the answer sheet as the sheet is being processed.
It can optionally send output to an IBM 534 Model 3 Card Punch. Throughput of 750 sheets an hour is achieved when punching 80 columns of data.
The operator needs to enter two master sheets, one with the correct answers to the test being scored and the other for the 1230 to record run information.
IBM 1231 Optical Mark Page Reader
The IBM 1231 is an online optical mark reader that can read and score 2000 test answer sheets per hour, depending on downstream operations.[6]
The correct answers for the test can either be entered using a master sheet (like the 1230) or sent to the 1231 using the optional master-mark special feature.[7]
IBM 1232 Optical Mark Page Reader
The IBM 1232 is an offline optical mark reader that can read up to 2000 marked sheets per hour.
Documents can be read at up to 2000 sheets per hour, but this depends on the number of characters that need to be punched from each sheet.[6]
The IBM 1232 reads the marks and then punches them into cards using a IBM 534 Model 3 Card Punch. Together they can read up to 64,000 characters per hour or 800 fully punched cards.
Example customers
The California Test Bureau (CTB) that provided standardised achievement tests for educational institutes across the USA, began replacing their IBM 805s with IBM 1230s in 1963. They then installed two IBM 1232s in 1964. Being able to use a full 8+1⁄2 in × 11 in (22 cm × 28 cm) answer sheet rather than a 7+3⁄8 in × 3+1⁄4 in (18.7 cm × 8.3 cm) mark sense card, eliminated the need to use multiple answer cards per test per student, as well as dramatically increased the marking speed for test answers.[8]
Credit Bureau Services of Dallas used an IBM 1232 in 1966 as part of their first computerisation project. They marked credit history data onto optical scanning sheets that were fed into their IBM 1232. The attached IBM 534 then punched this data onto punched cards, which were then fed into their IBM System/360 Model 30.[9]
In 1968 the US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) began using special log books for their coastal surveyors to record coastal survey data, which was then converted to punched cards by an IBM 1232.[10]
IBM 2956 Optical Mark/Hole Reader
Mark sense card
The IBM 2956 Models 2 and 3 are custom build optical mark/hole readers designed to be attached to an IBM 2740 Communications Terminal.[11]
The IBM 2956-2 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. The cards can be fed by hand or from the 400 card hopper. It has a 400 card stacker.[11] The 2956-2 could be ordered by request for price quotation (RPQ) 843086.[12]
The IBM 2956-3 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. It can also read marked sheets up to 9 in × 14 in (230 mm × 360 mm) in size, although only a 3+1⁄4 in (83 mm) band along the side of the sheet can be read (the width of a punched card). It does not have a hopper or a stacker, so each card or sheet must be manually fed into the machine.[11] The 2956-3 could be ordered by request for price quotation (RPQ) 843106.[12] The 2956-3 could be attached to an IBM 3276 or IBM 3278 display station with RPQ UB9001.[13]
One use case for the IBM 2956 is to grade school tests. On completion of a learning module a student can use an optical scan-type card to record answers to up to 27 questions, with up to 5 choices per question.[14] They are scanned by the reader and the results are then transmitted to an IBM System/360 in remote job entry mode and can also be printed on the IBM 2740.[14] The reader can also be attached to an IBM 3735 which transmits results to an IBM System/370 and which prints results on an IBM 3286 printer.[15] They can also be attached to an IBM System/3.[16]
Note that the IBM 2956 Model 5 (2956-5) was a banking reader/sorter.
IBM 1282 Optical Reader Card Punch
The IBM 1282 is an offline optical reader that is used to read embossed credit card receipts, a mark read field or machine printed characters in three different fonts.[17] It then outputs this data onto a punched card. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.[18] It proved popular and within two years of announcement 100 machines were installed or on order.[2]
Example customer
The New YorkDepartment of Motor Vehicles reported that from 1964 until 1968 they were using an IBM 1282 to read machine printed license renewal slips that had been mailed back as part of the renewal process. They would scan the slip and then process the resulting punched card. This worked well until the DMV decided to request renewals include the drivers Social Security Number (SSN), which meant a handwritten number needed to be either manually keyed or a new scanning device procured. They switched to the IBM 1287 in 1968.[20]
IBM 1285 Optical Reader
The IBM 1285 is an online optical reader that is used to read printed paper tapes from cash registers or adding machines. It was developed by IBM Endicott and manufactured by IBM Rochester.[1] The IBM 1285 attaches to an IBM 1401, 1440, 1460 or System/360. It has a small round screen to display characters being read and it has a keyboard to enter header information and to optionally enter character corrections for rejected characters. It can read a 200 ft (61 m) roll or paper tape in three-and-a half minutes, reading data at speeds of up to 3000 lines per minute. It can mark the tape with a dot to indicate unreadable characters, so they can be rekeyed later. It users System/360 SLT circuitry and scans with an electronic beam of light called a "flying spot".[21]
IBM 1287 Optical Reader
The IBM 1287 is an online reader that can optically scan printed paper tapes and cut form documents to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host. It can read machine printed data as well as handprinted numbers and optical marks (based on installed model and features). IBM claim it is the first commercial scanner that can read hand written numbers written in pencil.[22] It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester and first shipped in January 1968.[1]
An engineering model was famously demonstrated at the IBM Pavilion of the 1964-1965 World Fair in New York.[23] IBM representatives at the stand invited visitors to write a date on a card (as far back as September 18, 1851) which was then scanned by the machine and a headline from The New York Times newspaper for the matching date was then printed on a souvenir card. The attached IBM 1460 had nearly 40,000 headlines in storage. This promotional exercise also gave IBM handwriting samples to test with.[24]
It has the following features:[25]
An input hopper that holds an 11 in (28 cm) stack of documents.
Three output stackers that can each hold a 4 in (10 cm) stack of documents.
Documents to be scanned can range from 2+1⁄4 in × 3 in (5.7 cm × 7.6 cm) to 5.91 in × 9 in (15.0 cm × 22.9 cm) in size.
Based on document size, throughput ranges from 665 documents per minute for a 3 in (7.6 cm) document with one field of 20 machine printed characters to less than 100 documents per minute for a 6 in (15 cm) document with 50 fields of handprinted characters.[4]
Has a CRT to display unrecognised characters (after 10 attempted scans) and a keyboard for the operator to enter a correction.
A serial number feature to print a number from 00000 to 99999 on each document.
Each model has different default recognition capabilities, but additional capabilities can be added as part of the machine order. For instance numeric handwriting recognition can be plant installed on Models 1-4 by ordering a feature code.[25]
Model 1: Reads numeric printed data from cut sheet paper or cards.
Model 2: Reads numeric printed data from cut sheet paper or cards or a 200 ft (61 m) continuous roll of paper (such as a journal tape).
Model 3: Same as Model 1 but also can read OCR A front.
Model 4: Same as Model 2 but also can read OCR A front.
Model 5: Reads numeric handprinted digits and certain alphabetic characters. Feature code 2987 added a "Multifont Preprocessor".
Example customers
The New York Department of Motor Vehicles reported in 1968 they started using an IBM 1287 after the DMV decided to request driver license renewals include the drivers Social Security Number (SSN). The IBM 1287 could read both the machine printed data on the renewal slip as well as the drivers hand written SSN. Around two thirds of returned renewals could be scanned with this system.[20]
IBM 1288 Optical Page Reader
The IBM 1288 is an online reader that can optically scan cut sheet pages to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host, reading the OCR-A font, handprinted numbers (with an optional feature) and/or optical marks (with an optional feature). It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester and first shipped in July 1969.[1] The use of the word "Page" in the product name reflects the ability of the IBM 1288 to scan full size pages, nearly twice as large as the IBM 1287.[27]
It has the following features:[28]
An input hopper that can hold a 10 in (250 mm) stack of documents.
Two output stackers that can each hold either a 4.5 in (110 mm) stack of short documents or a 3 in (76 mm) stack of long documents. One output stacker is reserved for documents with unrecognisable characters.
Documents to be scanned can range from 3 in × 6.5 in (76 mm × 165 mm) to 9 in × 14 in (230 mm × 360 mm) in size.
A serial number feature to print a number from 00000 to 99999 on each document.
IBM did not publish a maximum throughput value, stating it would vary based on a variety of factors such as document size and the number and type of fields to be read.
It is composed of three frames:[26]
Example customers
The City of Baltimore used an IBM 1288 to prepare such things as property tax bills, water meter bills, income tax forms, and to control food stamps.[29]
The State of Maryland used an IBM 1288 for scanning hand-marked income tax documents sent in by employers. They reported an 85% acceptance rate.[29]
The German government purchased eleven 1288 to carry out the 1970 census.
IBM 14x8 Optical Readers
The first optical reader released by IBM was the IBM 1418 which could read numbers and vertical bars and which used the same transport as the IBM 1419 cheque sorter. The IBM 1428 was physically very similar to the IBM 1418 (except it did not have a CRT mounted on top), but it was able to read both letters as well as numbers.
IBM 1418 Optical Character Reader
IBM 1418 (on the left hand side)
The IBM 1418 is able to read a standard numerical font used by the IBM 407 in one of two sizes.[2][5] It can also read vertical markings made with a pencil. IBM claimed it is suitable for cash-accounting applications where small payment stubs need to be processed.[30] It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.[18]
It has the following features:
It uses a device IBM call a "mechanical image dissector" that reads the characters in multiple vertical bands, that are then combined and tested.
Reading speed is 480 characters per second, up to 400 documents per minute.[31]
The IBM 1418 features a CRT on the top of the unit that adds 7+3⁄8 in (19 cm) to the height of the machine.[32]
The Model 3 is similar to a Model 1 but can handle broader paper size ranges.
Example customers
The Pennsylvania Power & Light Company claims to have installed the first commercially available IBM 1418. It was used to scan bill stubs returned by their customers including power meter information.[33]
IBM 1428 Alphanumeric Reader
The IBM 1428 can read alphabetic and numeric scan data from printed documents like payment stubs, but is limited to reading a special font.[2][5] IBM claimed it is suitable to scan documents such as: "insurance premium notices, charge sales invoices, operations and route slips, payroll and dividend checks and mail orders".[30] It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.[18]
It has the following features:
It uses a device IBM call a "mechanical image dissector" that reads the characters in multiple vertical bands, that are then combined and tested.
Reading speed is 480 characters per second, up to 400 documents per minute.[31]
The Model 3 is similar to a Model 1 but can handle broader paper size ranges.
IBM 1975 Optical Page Reader
In October 1961 the US Social Security Administration (SSA) requested proposals for OCR equipment to help them reduce the 57 million lines of information they had to manually enter by keyboard each quarter. IBM responded to the SSA in February 1962 using the work of an IBM engineer called Evon Greanias who had developed a curve-follower method that used a CRT flying-spot scanner which not dependent on fixed fonts and in fact had the potential to be used to read handwriting. IBM was requested to provide a more detailed response in May 1963, by which time IBM Research and IBM Rochester (who were now responsible for the project) had developed detailed statistical decision techniques. The one-of-a-kind IBM 1975 was delivered to the SSA in late 1965.[2]
It was used to read a form known as a #941 that contains on average 22 lines per page (to a maximum of 44 lines). It was able to read at a 52 to 55% acceptance rate. It was taken out of service in 1977.[29]
IBM 388x Optical Readers
Released in 1972 and withdrawn in 1984, the IBM 3881 and IBM 3886 are the last family of optical readers released by IBM.
IBM 3881 Optical Mark Reader
The IBM 3881 is an optical mark reader, meaning it reads machine or hand printed marks, but not OCR fonts or handprinted numbers. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester. There are three models.
It has the following features:
Documents to be scanned can range from 3 in × 3 in (7.6 cm × 7.6 cm) to 9 in × 9 in (23 cm × 23 cm) in size.
Throughput is affected by document length. When reading 8+1⁄2 in × 11 in (22 cm × 28 cm) documents it can read 4,000 per hour.[34]
A vacuum cleaner is built into the machine.[34]
The IBM 3881-2 sends scanned data to a directly attached IBM 3410-1 Magnetic Tape Drive.[34] The 27 in × 30 in (69 cm × 76 cm) tape-drive that weighed 180 lb (82 kg) is not included in the physical statistics shown below.
The last IBM 3881 manufactured by IBM Rochester was shipped to a customer in Puerto Rico in January 1980.[36]
IBM 3886 Optical Character Reader
The IBM 3886 is an optical page reader, meaning it reads OCR fonts or handprinted numbers. It was developed by IBM Rochester and manufactured by both IBM Rochester and IBM Greenock Scotland.[37] There are two models.
It has the following features:
Documents to be scanned can range from 3 in × 3 in (7.6 cm × 7.6 cm) to 9 in × 12 in (23 cm × 30 cm) in size.
The input hopper holds a 102 mm (4.0 in) stack of documents
By default it can read the OCR-A font, but OCR-B and numeric hand printing support can be added.
The IBM 3886-2 sends scanned data to a directly attached IBM 3410-1 Magnetic Tape Drive. The 27 in × 30 in (69 cm × 76 cm) tape-drive that weighed 180 lb (82 kg) is not included in the physical statistics shown below.
On July 17, 1974, IBM announced a feature which became known as "Video collect" which allowed an operator to display and re-key characters that could not be recognised. It requires an IBM 3277 console to display the characters in question.[35]
Processing speed ranges from:
4.4 documents per minute for a 8+1⁄2 in × 11 in (22 cm × 28 cm) sheet with 29 lines per sheet and 78 characters per line (2260 characters)
94 documents per minute for a 3 in × 3 in (7.6 cm × 7.6 cm) sheet with 1 lines per sheet and 8 characters per line
Example customers
In 1974 the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii reported they were using an IBM 3886 to process motor vehicle and bicycle registration renewals, of which they received 400,000 annually. The 3886 scans the renewal forms at up to 5,000 forms an hour, storing them on tape, which is later played-back on their mainframe. They thus avoided the need to manually enter these details onto punched cards.[38]
In 1975 Union Mutual, a health care provider, reported they were using an IBM 3886 to scan Medicare claims and benefit documents, allowing them to handle a 50% growth in Medicare transactions over two years. They scanned documents to tape, running them later on their System/370. Rejected documents (which averaged 20% for Medicare claims) were re-run using the "video collect" capability that allowed them to key in the correct value and avoid the need to manually key in the whole document. This allowed them to always process documents the same day.[39]
In 1976 Milgrims Food Stores in Kansas City, Mo, reported they were using an IBM 3886 to scan store delivery forms, resolving a major issue they had tracking vendor deliveries to their stores.[40]
Advanced Optical Character Reader Postal Service
On October 26, 1970, the U.S. Postal Service awarded IBM a US$6.7 million contract to develop the Advanced Optical Character Reader Postal Service. Development was carried out by both IBM Rochester and the IBM Federal Systems Division in IBM Gaithersburg. The goal was to sort 1 million letters in a 24-hour operating period.[41]
In June 1972 the Postal Program group shipped its Advanced Optical Character Reader (AOCR) to the New York City General Post Office in Manhattan. It can scan and sort 24 machine-addressed envelopes per second.[37]
IBM was one of three vendors to deliver a machine in the program. The total cost of the program was US$28.9 million and none of the machines were considered suitable for full-scale production. The IBM contract had a cost over-run of over US$6million dollars.[42]
IBM OCR reader/sorters
IBM released several OCR reader/sorter products mainly for the European finance industry. These are detailed in the IBM document processors article, including the following:
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