Kraków fortress (Polish: Twierdza Kraków, German: Festung Krakau) refers in the narrow sense to the 19th century Austro-Hungarian fortifications, and in the larger sense - to the interconnected fortifications in Kraków, Poland, including 18th century Kościuszko Insurrection fortifications, and the medieval Wawel Castle and city walls.
Bastion III "Kleparz" – a standard reduit fortification from the 1856-1866 period. The live music venue Forty Kleparz is located here. It features a 200-person concert hall as well as two bars.[1]
Citadel forts
Fort citadel 2 "Kościuszko"
Fort citadel 2 "Kosciuszko" - Built surrounding the Kościuszko Mound in 1850–56, and designed by Franz von Pidoll Quintenbock, Felix Księżarski and Bernard von Caboga. Today, the fort houses a museum devoted to Tadeusz Kościuszko, the radio station RMF FM, a hotel and cafes.
Tower forts
Fort 31 "St. Benedict Fort" (Polish: Fort św. Benedykta) - the only one of three surviving fortresses built in Podgórze in the mid-19th century to protect the Vistula River and the road to Lviv. It is located atop the Krzemionki cliffs on Lasota Hill, and takes its name from the adjacent St. Benedict's church. The fortress quickly lost its usefulness in the 1890s. Since, it was used as an Austrian military barracks and converted into apartments in the 1950s. Today, it lies in general dereliction, filled with abandoned furniture and building materials. The fort has recently been transferred back to the property of the city of Kraków, with plans for its renovation awaiting approval.
Fort 32 "Krzemionki" - The only other tower fort constructed in addition to the Fort 31 "St. Benedict" within the Krakow Fortress. In the 18th and 19th century, the fort was adapted to serve as barracks. Around 1954, the fort was demolished to make way for the construction of the Television Krakow building.
Reduit forts
Fort 7 "Bronowice"
Fort 12 "Luneta Warszawska"
The Outer Ring
Artillery forts
Memorial to 440 Poles murdered by the Germans in Fort 49 during World War II
Fort 45 "Zielonki", today a hotel
Fort 47 "Łysa Góra"
Fort 48 "Batowice"
Fort 49 "Krzesławice" - During the German occupation of Poland in the Second World War, it was the site of German massacres of Poles committed as part of the Intelligenzaktion and AB-Aktion. In 1945, 29 mass graves were discovered, with 440 victims, which were murdered from November 1939 to November 1940.[2] In the forest of Fort 49, the German security police murdered around 1,300 Poles.[2] Among the victims of the massacres in the fort and forest were Poles arrested in various towns and villages of the region, including Kraków, Nowy Sącz and Wadowice.[3]
^ a bWardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 269.
^Wardzyńska, p. 257, 269
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Forts in Kraków.
http://www.twierdza.art.pl/index.html Archived 2019-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.wawel.net/wojsko_forty.htm Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
Skandal wokół Fortu św. Benedykta
http://www.fortyck.pl/
Twierdza Kraków - panoramy sferyczne
http://fortykrakow.prv.pl/
http://www.twierdzakrakow.kgb.pl/ Archived 2019-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
