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List of Chinese star names

Chinese star names (Chinese: 星名, xīng míng) are named according to ancient Chinese astronomy and astrology. The sky is divided into star mansions (星宿, xīng xiù, also translated as "lodges") and asterisms (星官, xīng guān). The ecliptic is divided into four sectors that are associated with the Four Symbols, guardians in Chinese mythology, and further into 28 mansions. Stars around the north celestial pole are grouped into three enclosures (垣, yuán).[1] The system of 283 asterisms under the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions was established by Chen Zhuo of the Three Kingdoms period, who synthesized ancient constellations and the asterisms created by early astronomers Shi Shen, Gan De and Wuxian.[2] Since the Han and Jin dynasties, stars have been given reference numbers within their asterisms in a system similar to the Bayer or Flamsteed designations, so that individual stars can be identified.[3] For example, Deneb (α Cyg) is referred to as 天津四 (Tiān Jīn Sì, the Fourth Star of Celestial Ford).

In the Qing dynasty, Chinese knowledge of the sky was improved by the arrival of European star charts. Yixiang Kaocheng, compiled in mid-18th century by then deputy Minister of Rites Ignaz Kögler, expanded the star catalogue to more than 3000 stars. The newly added stars (增星, zēng xīng) were named as 增一 (zēng yī, 1st added star), 增二 (zēng èr, 2nd added star) etc. For example, γ Cephei is referred to as 少衛增八 (Shào Wèi Zēng Bā, 8th Added Star of Second Imperial Guard). Some stars may have been assigned more than one name due to the inaccuracies of traditional star charts.

While there is little disagreement on the correspondence between traditional Chinese and Western star names for brighter stars, many asterisms, in particular those originally from Gan De, were created primarily for astrological purposes and can only be mapped to very dim stars.[4] The first attempt to fully map the Chinese constellations was made by Paul Tsuchihashi in late 19th century. In 1981, based on Yixiang Kaocheng and Yixiang Kaocheng Xubian, the first complete map of Chinese stars and constellations was published by Yi Shitong (伊世同).[5]

The list is based on Atlas Comparing Chinese and Western Star Maps and Catalogues by Yi Shitong (1981) and Star Charts in Ancient China by Chen Meidong (1996). In a few cases, meanings of the names are vague due to their antiquity.[6] In this article, the translation by Hong Kong Space Museum is used.

Three Enclosures

Purple Forbidden Enclosure

The Purple Forbidden Enclosure (紫微垣 Zǐ Wēi Yuán) occupies the region around the north celestial pole and represents the imperial palace. It corresponds to constellations Auriga, Boötes, Camelopardalis, Canes Venatici, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Draco, Hercules, Leo Minor, Lynx, Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor.

Added Stars

Supreme Palace Enclosure

The Supreme Palace Enclosure (太微垣, Tài Wēi Yuán) represents the imperial court. It corresponds to constellations Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, Leo, Leo Minor, Lynx, Sextans, Ursa Major and Virgo.

Added Stars

Heavenly Market Enclosure

The Heavenly Market Enclosure (天市垣, Tiān Shì Yuán) represents the emperor's realm. It corresponds to constellations Aquila, Boötes, Corona Borealis, Draco, Hercules, Ophiuchus, Sagitta, Serpens and Vulpecula.

Added Stars

Azure Dragon

Horn

The Horn mansion represents the Dragon's horns. It corresponds to constellations Centaurus, Circinus, Coma Berenices, Hydra, Lupus and Virgo.

Added Stars

Neck

The Neck mansion represents the Dragon's neck. It corresponds to constellations Boötes, Centaurus, Hydra, Libra, Lupus and Virgo.

Added Stars

Root

The Root mansion represents the Dragon's chest. It corresponds to constellations Boötes, Centaurus, Hydra, Libra, Lupus, Serpens and Virgo.

Added Stars

Room

The Room mansion represents the Dragon's abdomen. It corresponds to constellations Libra, Lupus, Ophiuchus and Scorpius.

Added Stars

Heart

The Heart mansion represents the Dragon's heart. It corresponds to constellations Lupus, Ophiuchus and Scorpius.

Added Stars

Tail

The Tail mansion represents the Dragon's tail. It corresponds to constellations Ara, Ophiuchus and Scorpius.

Added Stars

Winnowing Basket

The Winnowing Basket mansion is the last of the Azure Dragon mansions. It corresponds to constellations Ara, Ophiuchus and Sagittarius.

Added Stars

Black Turtle

Dipper

The Dipper mansion is the first of the Black Turtle mansions. It corresponds to constellations Aquila, Corona Australis, Ophiuchus, Sagittarius, Scutum and Telescopium.

Added Stars

Ox

The Ox mansion corresponds to constellations Aquila, Capricornus, Cygnus, Delphinus, Lyra, Microscopium, Sagitta, Sagittarius and Vulpecula. Its name derives from the Cowherd Star.

Added Stars

Girl

The Girl mansion corresponds to constellations Aquarius, Aquila, Capricornus, Cygnus, Draco and Delphinus.

Added Stars

Ruins

The Ruins[12] mansion (also translated as Emptiness) corresponds to constellations Aquarius, Capricornus, Delphinus, Equuleus, Grus, Microscopium, Pegasus and Piscis Austrinus.

Added Stars

Rooftop

The Rooftop mansion corresponds to constellations Andromeda, Aquarius, Cepheus, Cygnus, Draco, Lacerta, Pegasus, Piscis Austrinus and Vulpecula.

Added Stars

Encampment

The Encampment mansion corresponds to constellations Andromeda, Aquarius, Capricornus, Cassiopeia, Cepheus, Cygnus, Lacerta, Pegasus, Pisces and Piscis Austrinus.

Added Stars

Wall

The Wall mansion corresponds to constellations Andromeda, Cetus, Pegasus and Pisces.

Added Stars

White Tiger

Legs

The Legs mansion represents the tail of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Cetus, Pisces and Triangulum.

Added Stars

Bond

The Bond mansion represents the body of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Andromeda, Aries, Cetus, Fornax, Perseus, Pisces and Triangulum.

Added Stars

Stomach

The Stomach mansion represents the body of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Aries, Camelopardalis, Cetus, Eridanus, Perseus, Taurus and Triangulum.

Added Stars

Hairy Head

The Hairy Head mansion represents the body of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Aries, Cetus, Eridanus, Fornax, Perseus and Taurus.

Added Stars

Net

The Net mansion represents the body of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Auriga, Eridanus, Horologium, Lepus, Orion, Perseus and Taurus.

Added Stars

Turtle Beak

The Turtle Beak mansion represents the head of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Auriga, Gemini, Lynx, Orion and Taurus.

Added Stars

Three Stars

The Three Stars mansion represents the body of White Tiger. It corresponds to constellations Columba, Eridanus, Lepus, Monoceros and Orion.

Added Stars

Vermilion Bird

The final seven mansions represents the Vermilion Bird, creature of the direction south and the element Fire.

Well

The Well Mansion corresponds to constellations Auriga, Cancer, Canis Major, Canis Minor, Carina, Columba, Gemini, Monoceros, Orion, Pictor, Puppis and Taurus.

Added Stars

Ghosts

The Ghosts Mansion corresponds to constellations Cancer, Gemini, Hydra, Monoceros, Puppis, Pyxis and Vela.

Added Stars

Willow

The Willow Mansion corresponds to constellations Cancer, Hydra and Leo.

Added Stars

Star

The Star Mansion corresponds to constellations Cancer, Hydra, Leo, Leo Minor, Lynx, Sextans.

Added Stars

Extended Net

The Extended Net Mansion corresponds to constellation Hydra.

Added Stars

Wings

The Wings Mansion corresponds to constellations Crater and Hydra.

Added Stars

Chariot

The Chariot Mansion corresponds to constellations Corvus, Crater, Hydra and Virgo.

Added Stars

Southern asterisms

Stars near the south celestial pole had not been catalogued in China until the arrival of western star charts. In the early 17th century, 23 new asterisms were designated during the compilation of the Chongzhen calendar.

Added Stars

Individual stars with traditional names

Names listed above are all enumerations within the respective Chinese constellations. The following stars have traditional proper names.

Single star asterisms

Proper names of individual stars

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Polaris is another possible identity of this star. For example, in Song dynasty Taoist text Shangqing Dingbao Dafa: "A bright star located right in the middle [of Gōu Chén] is Tiān Huáng Dà Dì." (其下一大星，正居其中，是為天皇大帝也。 Shangqing Lingbao Dafa Volume 4)
  2. ^ Book of Jin, Volume 11. 北三星曰梗河，天矛也。一曰天锋，主胡兵。又为丧，故其变动应以兵丧也。
  3. ^ The same as "天河".

References

  1. ^ Pankenier, David W. Astrology and Cosmology in Early China. Cambridge University Press. p. 457.
  2. ^ Hu Axiang; Li Tianshi; Lu Haiming (2009). Nanjing Tongshi Liuchao Juan (in Chinese). Nanjing: Nanjing Press. ISBN 9787807185642. Archived from the original on 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2017-07-22.
  3. ^ Stephenson, F. Richard (1994). "Chapter 13. Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs". The history of cartography: Cartography in the traditional east and southeast asian societies (PDF). University of Chicago Press. p. 530. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  4. ^ Sun, Xiaochun. "Identification of Constellations in the Tian Wen Jie Hou Chan Ci Quan Tu". In Chen, Meidong (ed.). Star Charts in Ancient China (in Chinese). Shenyang: Liaoning Education Press. p. 63.
  5. ^ Kistemaker, Jacob; Yang, Zhengzong (1987). "A New Approach to Traditional Chinese Astronomy". Mapping the Sky: Past Heritage and Future Directions: Proceedings of the 133rd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union: 24. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  6. ^ Sun, Xiaochun; Kistemaker, Jacob (1997). The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. Leiden: Brill. p. 98. ISBN 9789004107373.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  8. ^ "Alcor". LAMOST. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  9. ^ ρ Oph is both the 4th and the 9th additional star of Heart. ρ Oph is a multiple star, so ρ Oph AB was possibly +4 and ρ Oph DE +9.
  10. ^ ρ Oph is both the 4th and the 9th additional star of Heart. ρ Oph is a multiple star, so ρ Oph AB was possibly +4 and ρ Oph DE +9.
  11. ^ Pankenier, David W. Astrology and Cosmology in Early China. Cambridge University Press. p. 472.
  12. ^ Pankenier, David W. Astrology and Cosmology in Early China. Cambridge University Press. p. 32.
  13. ^ Also known as 內杵, Nèichǔ, Inner Pestle to distinguish it from the Pestle in Ara. See Sun, Xiaochun & Kistemaker, Jacob (1997), The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society, Leiden: Brill. p. 169.
  14. ^ HD 215452. See Flamsteed's Missing Stars
  15. ^ Some sources identify this star with θ Cas
  16. ^ "Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy (天文教育資訊網)" (in Chinese). National Museum of Natural Science. 10 July 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  17. ^ "WG Triennial Report (2015–2018) - Star Names" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  18. ^ This constellation is not documented in Yixiang Kaocheng. I have used this image to reconstruct its fourteen stars.
  19. ^ Chen Zungui, History of Chinese Astronomy
  20. ^ This constellation is not documented in Yixiang Kaocheng. Sun & Kistemaker (p. 186) identify q Velorum as the principal star, citing the star catalogue of Zhou Cong of the Song Dynasty. I have used this image to reconstruct the constellation. Note than Dong'ou is given the alternative title Barbarians
  21. ^ Yi, Shitong (1981). Atlas Comparing Chinese and Western Star Maps and Catalogues: Star Catalogues [中西对照恒星图表：星表分册]. Beijing: Science Press. p. 124.
  22. ^ a b c d (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 9 日
  23. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 14 日
  24. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 28 日
  25. ^ a b c (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 29 日
  26. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Cancer the Crab
  27. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Canis Venatici the Hunting Dogs
  28. ^ a b c d e (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 16 日
  29. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 15 日
  30. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Coma Berenices the Berenice's Hair
  31. ^ a b c (in Chinese)AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 22 日
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 10 日
  33. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 26 日
  34. ^ a b (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 25 日
  35. ^ a b c Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Leo the Lion
  36. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Libra the Scales
  37. ^ a b (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 11 日
  38. ^ Allen (1899) associated the name with Algol. See : Perseus, the Champion
  39. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Perseus
  40. ^ a b (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 7 日
  41. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Sagittarius the Archer
  42. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 30 日
  43. ^ a b (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 10 日
  44. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Scorpius the Scorpion
  45. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Taurus the Bull
  46. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 23 日
  47. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 24 日
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 21 日
  49. ^ a b Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Ursa Major the Great Bear
  50. ^ (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 17 日
  51. ^ Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Virgo the Virgin
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 23 日
  53. ^ a b (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 3 日
  54. ^ a b c d (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 11 日
  55. ^ a b c d e f (in Chinese)AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 4 日
  56. ^ a b c d e f Ian Ridpath's Star Tales - Capricornus the Sea Goat
  57. ^ a b c d e (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 18 日
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (in Chinese)AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 24 日
  59. ^ a b c d e (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 19 日
  60. ^ a b c d e f g (in Chinese) AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 6 月 15 日