Haplogroup R1a is one of the major classifications (called clades) of Y-chromosome types found in human male lines. It is widespread all across Eurasia. Many sample studies therefore carry information on the incidence of R1a and/or its subclassifications, in particular the dominant branching line represented by the haplogroups R1a1 and R1a1a.
The table below collates information from a number of such sample studies, with incidence frequencies in sample data reported as percentages, along with the associated sample sizes.
Data
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Shah, Anish M.; Tamang, Rakesh; Moorjani, Priya; Rani, Deepa Selvi; Govindaraj, Periyasamy; Kulkarni, Gururaj; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Mustak, Mohammed S.; Bhaskar, L.V.K.S.; Reddy, Alla G.; Gadhvi, Dharmendra; Gai, Pramod B.; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (July 2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89 (1): 154–161. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030. PMC 3135801. PMID 21741027.
- ^ a b c Thanseem, Ismail; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay; Bhaskar, Lakkakula VKS; Reddy, B Mohan; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.
- ^ a b c d e f g h ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Kavitha, Valampuri John; Arun, Varatharajan Santhakumari; Syama, Adhikarla; Ashokan, Kumaran Samy; Gandhirajan, Kavandanpatti Thangaraj; Vijayakumar, Koothapuli; Narayanan, Muthuswamy; Jayalakshmi, Mariakuttikan; Ziegle, Janet S.; Royyuru, Ajay K.; Parida, Laxmi; Wells, R. Spencer; Renfrew, Colin; Schurr, Theodore G.; Smith, Chris Tyler; Platt, Daniel E.; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Genographic Consortium (28 November 2012). "Population Differentiation of Southern Indian Male Lineages Correlates with Agricultural Expansions Predating the Caste System". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50269. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750269A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050269. PMC 3508930. PMID 23209694.
References
- Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon, Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- Al-Zahery, N.; Semino, O.; Benuzzi, G.; Magri, C.; Passarino, G.; Torroni, A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–472. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
- Balanovsky, Oleg; Rootsi, Siiri; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Kivisild, Toomas; Churnosov, Michail; Evseeva, Irina; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Boldyreva, Margarita; et al. (2008), "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context", American Journal of Human Genetics, 82 (1): 236–250, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019, PMC 2253976, PMID 18179905
- Bamshad; Kivisild, T; Watkins, WS; Dixon, ME; Ricker, CE; Rao, BB; Naidu, JM; Prasad, BV; et al. (2001), "Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations", Genome Research, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 994–1004, doi:10.1101/gr.GR-1733RR, PMC 311057, PMID 11381027.
- Barać, L; Pericić M; Klarić IM; et al. (July 2003), "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates" (PDF), European Journal of Human Genetics, 11 (7): 535–42, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992, PMID 12825075, S2CID 15822710.
- Battaglia, V.; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2008), "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (6): 820–830, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249, PMC 2947100, PMID 19107149
- Behar, Doron M.; Thomas, Mark G.; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F.; Bulygina, Ekaterina; Rosengarten, Dror; Jones, Abigail L.; Held, Karen; Moses, Vivian; Goldstein, David; Bradman, Neil; Weale, Michael E. (October 2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
- Bowden; Balaresque, P.; King, T. E.; Hansen, Z.; Lee, A. C.; Pergl-Wilson, G.; Hurley, E.; Roberts, S. J.; et al. (2008), "Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling: The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25 (2): 301–309, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm255, PMC 2628767, PMID 18032405
- Capelli, Cristian; Redhead, Nicola; Abernethy, Julia K.; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Moen, Torolf; Hervig, Tor; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bradshaw, Paul; Shaha, Alom; Thomas, Mark G.; Bradman, Neal; Goldstein, David B. (May 2003). "A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–984. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00373-7. PMID 12781138. S2CID 526263.
- Cinnioğlu, Cengiz; King, Roy; Kivisild, Toomas; Kalfoglu, Ersi; Atasoy, Sevil; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Lillie, Anita S.; Roseman, Charles C.; Lin, Alice A.; Prince, Kristina; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Semino, Ornella; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A. (2004), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia", Hum Genet, 114 (2): 127–48, doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4, PMID 14586639, S2CID 10763736
- Cordaux; Aunger, Robert; Bentley, Gillian; Nasidze, Ivane; Sirajuddin, S.M.; Stoneking, Mark (2004), "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages", Current Biology, 14 (3): 231–235, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024, PMID 14761656, S2CID 5721248
- Dupuy; Stenersen, M; Lu, TT; Olaisen, B (2005), "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway" (PDF), Forensic Science International, 164 (1): 10–19, doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009, PMID 16337760
- Ennafaa, Hajer; Fregel, Rosa; Khodjet-el-khil, Houssein; Gonzalez, Ana M; Mahmoudi, Hejer Abdallah El; Cabrera, Vicente M; Larruga, José M; Benammar-Elgaaïed, Amel (2011), "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia", Journal of Human Genetics, 56 (10): 734–41, doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.92, PMID 21833004
- Firasat; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2007), "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", European Journal of Human Genetics, 15 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726, PMC 2588664, PMID 17047675
- Fornarino; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009), "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1): 154, Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154, PMC 2720951, PMID 19573232
- Helgason; Sigurðardóttir, Sigrún; Nicholson, Jayne; Sykes, Bryan; Hill, Emmeline W.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Bosnes, Vidar; Gulcher, Jeffery R.; et al. (2000), "Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland", American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (3): 697–717, doi:10.1086/303046, PMC 1287529, PMID 10931763
- Kasperavičiūtė, D.; Kučinskas, V.; Stoneking, M. (September 2004). "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians: Y Chomosome and mtDNA Variation in Lithuanians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (5): 438–452. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. S2CID 26562505.
- Kayser, Manfred; Lao, Oscar; Anslinger, Katja; Augustin, Christa; Bargel, Grazyna; Edelmann, Jeanett; Elias, Sahar; Heinrich, Marielle; Henke, Jürgen; Henke, Lotte; Hohoff, Carsten; Illing, Anett; Jonkisz, Anna; Kuzniar, Piotr; Lebioda, Arleta; Lessig, Rüdiger; Lewicki, Slawomir; Maciejewska, Agnieszka; Monies, Dorota Marta; Pawłowski, Ryszard; Poetsch, Micaela; Schmid, Dagmar; Schmidt, Ulrike; Schneider, Peter M.; Stradmann-Bellinghausen, Beate; Szibor, Reinhard; Wegener, Rudolf; Wozniak, Marcin; Zoledziewska, Magdalena; Roewer, Lutz; Dobosz, Tadeusz; Ploski, Rafal (September 2005). "Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis". Human Genetics. 117 (5): 428–443. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1333-9. PMID 15959808. S2CID 11066186.
- Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Borinskaya, S. A.; Kozhekbaeva, Zh. M.; Gusar, V. A.; Grechanina, E. Ya.; Puzyrev, V. P.; Khusnutdinova, E. K.; Yankovsky, N. K. (March 2004). "Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 40 (3): 326–331. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f. S2CID 25907265.
- Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Feshchenko, S. P.; Borinskaya, S. A.; Yankovsky, N. K.; Puzyrev, V. P. (August 2005). "Frequencies of Y Chromosome Binary Haplogroups in Belarussians". Russian Journal of Genetics. 41 (8): 928–931. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. PMID 16161635. S2CID 1357824.
- Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. (May 2007). "Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. S2CID 566825.
- King, R. J.; Özcan, S. S.; Carter, T.; Kalfoğlu, E.; Atasoy, S.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Kouvatsi, A.; Lin, A. A.; Chow, C-E. T.; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Michalodimitrakis, M.; Underhill, P. A. (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 205–214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. S2CID 22406638.
- Kivisild; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; Mastana, S.; Kaldma, K.; Parik, J.; Metspalu, E.; Adojaan, M.; Tolk, H.-V.; Stepanov, V.; Gölge, M.; Usanga, E.; Papiha, S.S.; Cinnioğlu, C.; King, R.; Cavalli-Sforza, L.; Underhill, P.A.; Villems, R. (2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", AJHG, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 313–32, doi:10.1086/346068, PMC 379225, PMID 12536373.
- Kivisild, Toomas; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Parik, Juri; Kaldma, Katrin; Usanga, Esien; Mastana, Sarabjit; Papiha, Surinder S.; Villems, Richard (2002). "The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India". In Bellwood, Peter S.; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). Examining the Farming/language Dispersal Hypothesis. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 215–222. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.408.6337. ISBN 978-1-902937-20-5.
- Lell, Jeffrey T.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Starikovskaya, Yelena B.; Su, Bing; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G.; Underhill, Peter A.; Wallace, Douglas C. (January 2002). "The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
- Luca, F.; Di Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; Popa, L.O.; Banyko, J.; Kracmarova, A.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.; Brdicka, R. (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–139. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl:2108/35058. PMID 17078035.
- Malaspina; et al. (2003), Analysis of Y-chromosome variation in modern populations at the European-Asian border (PDF), pp. 309–313 in K. Boyle, C. Renfrew, and M. Levine, eds. Ancient interactions: east and west in Eurasia. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Monograph Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Marjanovic, D.; Fornarino, S.; Montagna, S.; Primorac, D.; Hadziselimovic, R.; Vidovic, S.; Pojskic, N.; Battaglia, V.; Achilli, A.; Drobnic, K.; Andjelinovic, S.; Torroni, A.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. S.; Semino, O. (November 2005). "The Peopling of Modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome Haplogroups in the Three Main Ethnic Groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (6): 757–763. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x. PMID 16266413. S2CID 36632274.
- Mirabal; Regueiro, Maria; Cadenas, Alicia M; Cavalli-Sforza, L Luca; Underhill, Peter A; Verbenko, Dmitry A; Limborska, Svetlana A; Herrera, Rene J (2009), "Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia", European Journal of Human Genetics, 17 (10): 1260–1273, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6, PMC 2986641, PMID 19259129
- Mukherjee; Nebel, Almut; Oppenheim, Ariella; Majumder, Partha P. (2001), "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India", Journal of Genetics, vol. 80, no. 3 (published December 2001), pp. 125–135, doi:10.1007/BF02717908, PMID 11988631, S2CID 13267463.
- Nasidze, I.; Ling, E. Y. S.; Quinque, D.; Dupanloup, I.; Cordaux, R.; Rychkov, S.; Naumova, O.; Zhukova, O.; Sarraf-Zadegan, N.; Naderi, G. A.; Asgary, S.; Sardas, S.; Farhud, D. D.; Sarkisian, T.; Asadov, C.; Kerimov, A.; Stoneking, M. (May 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
- Francalacci, P.; Morelli, L.; Angius, A.; Berutti, R.; Reinier, F.; Atzeni, R.; Pilu, R.; Busonero, F.; Maschio, A.; Zara, I.; Sanna, D.; Useli, A.; Urru, M. F.; Marcelli, M.; Cusano, R.; Oppo, M.; Zoledziewska, M.; Pitzalis, M.; Deidda, F.; Porcu, E.; Poddie, F.; Kang, H. M.; Lyons, R.; Tarrier, B.; Gresham, J. B.; Li, B.; Tofanelli, S.; Alonso, S.; Dei, M.; Lai, S.; Mulas, A.; Whalen, M. B.; Uzzau, S.; Jones, C.; Schlessinger, D.; Abecasis, G. R.; Sanna, S.; Sidore, C.; Cucca, F. (2 August 2013). "Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". Science. 341 (6145): 565–569. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..565F. doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMC 5500864. PMID 23908240.
- Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Ozturk, Murat; Bendukidze, Nina; Stoneking, Mark (July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups: MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (4): 401–412. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. S2CID 23771698.
- Passarino; Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Andellnovic, Slmun; Bullc-Jakus, Floriana; Liu, Aiping; Arslan, Ahmet; Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.Silvana (2001), "The 49a,f haplotype 11 is a new marker of the EU19 lineage that traces migrations from northern regions of the black sea", Hum. Immunol., vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 922–932, doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00291-9, PMID 11543894.
- Passarino; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L; Lin, Alice A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Børresen-Dale, Anne-Lise; Underhill, Peter A (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms", European Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 521–9, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834, PMID 12173029.
- Pericic; Lauc, LB; Klarić, IM; Rootsi, S; Janićijevic, B; Rudan, I; Terzić, R; Colak, I; et al. (2005), "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations", Mol. Biol. Evol., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1964–75, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185, PMID 15944443.
- Qamar; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Helgason, Agnar; Mazhar, Kehkashan; Mansoor, Atika; Zerjal, Tatiana; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim (2002), "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan", American Journal of Human Genetics, 70 (5): 1107–1124, doi:10.1086/339929, PMC 447589, PMID 11898125
- Quintana-Murci; Krausz, C; Zerjal, T; Sayar, SH; Hammer, MF; Mehdi, SQ; Ayub, Q; Qamar, R; et al. (2001), "Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in southwestern Asia", American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2): 537–542, doi:10.1086/318200, PMC 1235289, PMID 11133362
- Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. (2006), "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration", Hum Hered, 61 (3): 132–143, doi:10.1159/000093774, PMID 16770078, S2CID 7017701
- Rosser, Zoë H.; Zerjal, Tatiana; Hurles, Matthew E.; Adojaan, Maarja; Alavantic, Dragan; Amorim, António; Amos, William; Armenteros, Manuel; Arroyo, Eduardo; Barbujani, Guido; Beckman, Gunhild; Beckman, Lars; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bosch, Elena; Bradley, Daniel G.; Brede, Gaute; Cooper, Gillian; Côrte-Real, Helena B.S.M.; de Knijff, Peter; Decorte, Ronny; Dubrova, Yuri E.; Evgrafov, Oleg; Gilissen, Anja; Glisic, Sanja; Gölge, Mukaddes; Hill, Emmeline W.; Jeziorowska, Anna; Kalaydjieva, Luba; Kayser, Manfred; Kivisild, Toomas; Kravchenko, Sergey A.; Krumina, Astrida; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Lavinha, João; Livshits, Ludmila A.; Malaspina, Patrizia; Maria, Syrrou; McElreavey, Ken; Meitinger, Thomas A.; Mikelsaar, Aavo-Valdur; Mitchell, R. John; Nafa, Khedoudja; Nicholson, Jayne; Nørby, Søren; Pandya, Arpita; Parik, Jüri; Patsalis, Philippos C.; Pereira, Luísa; Peterlin, Borut; Pielberg, Gerli; Prata, Maria João; Previderé, Carlo; Roewer, Lutz; Rootsi, Siiri; Rubinsztein, D.C.; Saillard, Juliette; Santos, Fabrício R.; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Sykes, Bryan C.; Tolun, Aslihan; Villems, Richard; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Jobling, Mark A. (December 2000). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
- Saha; Sharma, Swarkar; Bhat, Audesh; Pandit, Awadesh; Bamezai, Ramesh (2005), "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow", Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 49–51, doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3, PMID 15611834.
- Sahoo, S.; Singh, A; Himabindu, G; Banerjee, J; Sitalaximi, T; Gaikwad, S; Trivedi, R; Endicott, P; et al. (2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161
- Sanchez; Børsting, C; Hallenberg, C; Buchard, A; Hernandez, A; Morling, N (2003), "Multiplex PCR and minisequencing of SNPs—a model with 35 Y chromosome SNPs", Forensic Sci Int, 137 (1): 74–84, doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00299-8, PMID 14550618
- Scozzari; Cruciani, F; Pangrazio, A; Santolamazza, P; Vona, G; Moral, P; Latini, V; Varesi, L; et al. (2001), "Human Y-Chromosome Variation in the Western Mediterranean Area: Implications for the Peopling of the Region" (PDF), Human Immunology, 62 (9): 871–884, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.408.4857, doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5, PMID 11543889
- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; De Benedictis, G; Francalacci, P; Kouvatsi, A; Limborska, S; Marcikiae, M; Mika, A; Mika, B; Primorac, D; Santachiara-Benerecetti, AS; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Underhill, PA (10 November 2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–1159. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
- Sengupta; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; Mitra, Mitashree; et al. (2005), "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists", American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 202–21, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607.
- Sharma; et al. (2007), "The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers" (PDF), THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HUMAN GENETICS 57th Annual Meeting, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04, retrieved 2009-10-22
- Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Sharma, Prithviraj; Jena, Mamata; Singh, Shweta; Darvishi, Katayoon; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, A J S; et al. (2009), "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1(*)substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system", Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1): 47–55, doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2, PMID 19158816
- Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Kivisild, Toomas; Help, Hela; Serk, Piia; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Tolk, Helle-Viivi; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Pliss, Liana; Balanovsky, Oleg; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Balanovska, Elena; Gubina, Marina; Zhadanov, Sergey; Osipova, Ludmila; Damba, Larisa; Voevoda, Mikhail; Kutuev, Ildus; Bermisheva, Marina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Gusar, Vladislava; Grechanina, Elena; Parik, Jüri; Pennarun, Erwan; Richard, Christelle; Chaventre, Andre; Moisan, Jean-Paul; Barać, Lovorka; Peričić, Marijana; Rudan, Pavao; Terzić, Rifat; Mikerezi, Ilia; Krumina, Astrida; Baumanis, Viesturs; Koziel, Slawomir; Rickards, Olga; De Stefano, Gian Franco; Anagnou, Nicholas; Pappa, Kalliopi I.; Michalodimitrakis, Emmanuel; Ferák, Vladimir; Füredi, Sandor; Komel, Radovan; Beckman, Lars; Villems, Richard (April 2004). "The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic 'Outliers' Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (4): 661–682. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688.
- Underhill, P.A.; Myres, Natalie M; Rootsi, Siiri; Metspalu, Mait; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; King, Roy J; Lin, Alice A; Chow, Cheryl-Emiliane T; et al. (2009), "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 18 (4): 479–484, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194, PMC 2987245, PMID 19888303
- Varzari, Alexander (2006), "Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms" (PDF), Dissertation der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- Völgyi; Zalán, Andrea; Szvetnik, Enikő; Pamjav, Horolma (2008), "Hungarian population data for 11 Y-STR and 49 Y-SNP markers", Forensic Science International: Genetics, 3 (2): e27–e28, doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.04.006, PMID 19215861
- Wang (2003), "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang", Human Genetics, 113 (3): 244–52, doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y, PMID 12759817, S2CID 11138499
- Weale, Michael E.; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Jager, Rolf F.; Hovhannisyan, Nelli; Khudoyan, Armine; Burbage-Hall, Oliver; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (December 2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics. 109 (6): 659–674. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. S2CID 23113666.
- Weale; Weiss, DA; Jager, RF; Bradman, N; Thomas, MG (2002), "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration", Mol. Biol. Evol., vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1008–1021, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160, PMID 12082121.
- Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Underhill, Peter A.; Evseeva, Irina; Blue-Smith, Jason; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Shanmugalakshmi, Sadagopal; Balakrishnan, Karuppiah; Read, Mark; Pearson, Nathaniel M.; Zerjal, Tatiana; Webster, Matthew T.; Zholoshvili, Irakli; Jamarjashvili, Elena; Gambarov, Spartak; Nikbin, Behrouz; Dostiev, Ashur; Aknazarov, Ogonazar; Zalloua, Pierre; Tsoy, Igor; Kitaev, Mikhail; Mirrakhimov, Mirsaid; Chariev, Ashir; Bodmer, Walter F. (28 August 2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–10249. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. JSTOR 3056514. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
- Wells, Spencer (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press.
- Wilson; Weiss, DA; Richards, M; Thomas, MG; Bradman, N; Goldstein, DB; et al. (2001), "Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98 (9): 5078–5083, Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.5078W, doi:10.1073/pnas.071036898, PMC 33166, PMID 11287634
- Zerjal; Beckman, L; Beckman, G; Mikelsaar, AV; Krumina, A; Kucinskas, V; Hurles, ME; Tyler-Smith, C; et al. (2001), "Geographical, linguistic, and cultural influences on genetic diversity: Y-chromosomal distribution in Northern European populations", Mol Biol Evol, 18 (6): 1077–1087, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003879, PMID 11371596
- Zerjal, Tatiana; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Tyler-Smith, Chris; et al. (2002), "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia", American Journal of Human Genetics, 71 (3): 466–482, doi:10.1086/342096, PMC 419996, PMID 12145751
- Adhikarla, Syama (2012), "Studies on the migration and isolation of selected ancient populations of India- a non recombinant Y chromosome", Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 71, retrieved June 25, 2023
- Zhou, Ruixia; An, Lizhe; Wang, Xunling; Shao, Wei; Lin, Gonghua; Yu, Weiping; Yi, Lin; Xu, Shijian; Xu, Jiujin; Xie, Xiaodong (2007), "Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective", Journal of Human Genetics, 52 (7): 584–91, doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0, PMID 17579807
- Zhao; Khan, Faisal; Borkar, Minal; Herrera, Rene; Agrawal, Suraksha (2009), "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes", Annals of Human Biology, 36 (1): 1–14, doi:10.1080/03014460802558522, PMC 2755252, PMID 19058044
