List of kings of Axum

The kings of Axum ruled an important trading state in the area which is now Gonder and northern Amhara , from 400 BC to 960 AD.^[1]

Sources

Various regnal lists of Axumite monarchs have survived to the present day via manuscripts or oral tradition. However, the lists often contradict each other and many lists contain incomplete or scattered information.^[2]^[3] The lists were likely compiled over a long period at several different monasteries.^[4] Some historians cover consider these lists to be untrustworthy.^[5] There are a number of legendary figures at the beginning of some lists whose historicity is difficult to confirm or trace. Axumite kings may have used multiple names similar to the later Emperors of the Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974), resulting in different names for the same ruler on different lists.

Aksumite coins have proven useful for constructing a chronology of Axumite kings.^[6] Around 98 percent of the city of Axum has not yet been excavated. ^[7] At least 18 kings have been identified with coinage covering the period from the late third century to the early seventh century.^[8]

List

The following table contains names from both traditional regnal lists and names that are archeologically verified. German August Dillmann grouped the regnal lists into three types and the order of names will be based on his lists.^[9] The spelling of certian names are taken from lists recorded by E. A. Wallis Budge.^[10] The overall order of monarchs is partially based on the 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia, which is the only official Ethiopian regnal list that attempted to combine names from different lists into a longer chronological order.

Monarchs who are attested via archaeology and/or external written sources outside the traditional regnal lists.

References

^ Munro-Hay 1991, p. 67.
^ Budge 1928a, pp. xi, 204.
^ Kropp 2006, pp. 304–305.
^ Kropp 2006, p. 312.
^ Budge 1928a, p. xi.
^ Hahn, Wolfgang, "Coinage" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), pp. 767–768.
^ Prendergast, Kate (2005). "Axum: The Ancient Civilization of Ethiopia". Islam Online. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hahn & West 2016, p. 17.
^ Dillmann 1853.
^ a b Budge 1928a, pp. 193, 205–210.
^ Dillmann 1853, pp. 341–350.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Dillmann 1853, p. 341.
^ "Wainaba, the Serpent Ruler". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
^ a b Salt 1814, p. 460.
^ a b c Páez 2008, p. 106.
^ a b Budge 1928a, p. 206.
^ a b Budge 1928a, p. 207.
^ Budge 1928a, p. 229.
^ Budge 1928, p. 206.
^ Dillmann 1853, pp. 341–342.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Dillmann 1853, p. 342.
^ Selassie 1972b, p. 116.
^ "King Bazen's Tomb". Lonely Planet.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dillmann 1853, p. 343.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Dillmann 1853, p. 346.
^ a b c d e Dillmann 1853, p. 345.
^ a b c d e f Dillmann 1853, pp. 345–346.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Dillmann 1853, p. 344.
^ a b Budge 1928a, p. 209.
^ Hatke, George (2013-01-07). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6.
^ Salt 1814, p. 463.
^ Selassie 1972a, p. 72.
^ Henze 2000, p. 18.
^ Hatke, George (2013-01-07). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6.
^ Bowersock, G. W. (2013-07-25). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973932-5.
^ Munro-Hay 1978, p. 73.
^ a b Munro-Hay 1978, p. 185.
^ Bowersock, G. W. (2013-04-01). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-19-933367-7.
^ Munro-Hay 1991, p. 74.
^ Hahn & West 2016, p. 10.
^ Munro-Hay 1991, p. 77.
^ a b Selassie 1972a, pp. 92–93.
^ Matthews, Derek; Mordini, Antonio (1959). "The Monastery of Debra Damo, Ethiopia" (PDF). Archaeologia. 97: 29. doi:10.1017/S0261340900009930 – via Cambridge Core.
^ Munro-Hay 1991, p. 189.
^ Hahn & West 2016, p. 11.
^ Selassie 1972a, p. 93.
^ Budge 1928a, pp. 209–210.
^ Prouty, Chris (1981). Historical dictionary of Ethiopia. Metuchen, N.J. : Scarecrow Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8108-1448-6.
^ Dillmann 1853, pp. 344–346.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Dillmann 1853, p. 347.
^ Dillmann 1853, pp. 346, 349.
^ Hahn & West 2016, p. 12.
^ Munro-Hay 1991, p. 84.
^ Agosti, Gianfranco (2020). "New Evidence of King MḤDYS?". Aethiopica. 23: 201–212. ISSN 1430-1938.
^ a b c d Dillmann 1853, pp. 347, 349.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Dillmann 1853, p. 349.
^ a b c d Dillmann 1853, pp. 347–349.
^ Hahn & West 2016, p. 13.
^ a b c d Lusini, Gianfrancesco (2005). "Philology and the Reconstruction of the Ethiopian Past". In Herausgegeben von Walter Raunig; Steffen Wenig (eds.). Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 97.
^ Selassie 1972a, pp. 159–160.
^ a b c Dillmann 1853, pp. 348–349.
^ a b c d e f g Dillmann 1853, p. 348.
^ Budge 1928a, p. 269.
^ Munro-Hay 1991, p. 93.
^ Hahn, Wolfgang (2000). "Askumite Numismatics - A critical survey of recent Research". Revue Numismatique. 155: 299.
^ al-Bukhari, Imam (2013). Sahih al-Bukhari: The Early Years of Islam》Chapter:THE BEGINNINGS OF ISLAM; Section:XIV THE DEATH OF THE NEGUS. Translated by Muhammad Asad. The Other Press. pp. 174, 179. ISBN 978-967-506-298-8.
^ a b c d e Dillmann 1853, pp. 348, 350.
^ Selassie 1972b, p. 115.
^ a b c Dillmann 1853, pp. 349–350.
^ a b c Dillmann 1853, p. 350.
^ Tamrat 1972, p. 55.
^ Budge 1928a, p. 276.
^ Bruce 1790, pp. 526–527.

Bibliography

Bruce, James (1790). Travels to discover the source of the Nile, in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773: Volume II. Edinburgh.
Budge, E. A. (1928a). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co.
Dillmann, August (1853). "Zur Geschichte des abyssinischen Reichs". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 7: 338–364.
Hahn, Wolfgang; West, Vincent (2016). Sylloge of Aksumite Coins in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Oxford: Ashmolean. ISBN 9781910807101.
Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 1-85065-522-7.
Kropp, Manfred (2006). "Ein später Schüler des Julius Africanus zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in Äthiopien". In Wallraf, Martin (ed.). Julius Africanus und die christliche Weltchronistik (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019105-9.
Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (third ed.). London: McFarland. p. 23. ISBN 0-7864-2562-8.
Munro-Hay, Stuart (1978). The Chronology of Aksum: A Reappraisal of the History and Development of the Aksumite State from Numismatic and Archeological Evidence. University of London.
Munro-Hay, Stuart (1991). Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Páez, Pedro (2008). Isabel Boavida; Hervé Pennec; Manuel João Ramos (eds.). História da Etiópia (in Portuguese). Assirio & Alvim.
Salt, Henry (1814). A Voyage to Abyssinia. London: W. Bulmer and Co.
Selassie, Sergew Hable (1972a). Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270. Addis Ababa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Selassie, Sergew Hable (1972b). "The Problem of Gudit". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 10 (1): 113–124. ISSN 0304-2243. JSTOR 41965849.
Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Truhart, Peter (1984). Regents of Nations (Part 1). Munich: K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-10492-8.

List of kings of Axum

Sources

List

See also

References

Bibliography