Although much of the country has a desert or semi-desert and relatively flat territory, Oman has mountains that include the Hajar Mountains (Arabic: جبال الحجر), located in the northeast of Oman and the far northeast of the United Arab Emirates. These mountains constitute the tallest mountain range in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula.
The highest peaks are found in the Jebel Akhdar Mountains (in Arabic: الجبل الأخض), mountain massif approximately 80 km (50 mi) long and 32 km (20 mi) wide, belonging to the Hajar Mountains,[1] which covers an area of 1,135 km2 (438 sq mi) located above 1,500 m (4,900 ft), of which, 410 km2 (160 sq mi) are located above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and 30 km2 (12 sq mi) are above 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[2]
On the other hand, some of the most relevant peaks, although of lower altitude, are located on the border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, since in some cases, their position was taken as a reference for the defining the border between the two countries.[3]
However, although a boundary agreement was signed and ratified in 2003, covering the entire border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, including Oman's enclaves on the Musandam Peninsula and in Mahdah, the contents of the agreement have not yet been published, nor detailed maps showing the alignment,[4] despite the fact that some border markers and fences have already been placed on the ground. The future publication of these agreements and maps could make it necessary to modify the content of this annex.
This list includes the name and location of the summits located entirely within the territory of Oman, or at least with its summit located on the border line, regardless of its height. The list is open to new additions referring to mountains that meet these conditions, with a known name and position, and whose reference data is supported by historical maps or other reliable documentary sources.
The list only includes the mountains that, by an objective classification, can be considered as independent and individual mountains, as opposed to subsidiary mountains of a larger one, sub-summits or simple high points.
Many of these mountains are known by different names, the result of local tradition and of the various transcriptions from Arabic to English, so that an individual reference note includes the alternative names with which the mountain has been identified at some point, accompanied by their respective documentary sources.
The region is represented in different satellite images, mainly Google Earth, Google Satellite and Bing Satellite. The exact coordinates of each summit and its altitude, with respect to the sea level, have been established by comparing the OpenTopoMap and OpenMapTiles topographic maps with these images, treating each with the greatest objectivity and the same measurement criteria for all the summits. In some cases, direct recognition and location by GPS have also been used, or references have been checked against data provided by hikers and climbers in itineraries published online.
In this version of the article, the values of prominence, nor topographic isolation, were not taken into account to give priority to the task of identifying toponyms and locating the summits.
Mountains of Oman
Notas
^Alternative Names: Jabal ash Shām, Jabal Sham, Wishām, Jabal Shams, Jabal ash Sham, Wisham, جبل شمس
^Alternative Names: Jabal-al-Kor, Jabal Kaur, Jabal Kawr, Jabal al Kawr, Jebel Khaur, Jebel-al-Kor,Jebel Kaur, Jebel Kawr, Jebel al Kawr
^Alternative Names: Jabal Harim, Jebal Al Harim, Jabal al Harim, Jabal al Ḩarīm, Jebal Harim, Jebel Harim, Jabal Ḥārim, Jabal Ḩārim, Jabal Ra'an al-Harim, Shaam Peak, Shuam Peak, jbl harm, جبل حارم
^Alternative Names: Jabal Nakhal, Jabal Nakhl, جبل نخل
^Alternative Names: Ras ash Shayf
^Alternative Names: Jabal Ghūl, Jabal Ghul
^Alternative Names: Ras al Kabūl, Ras al Kabul, Ras Kabul, Ra’s al Jabūl
^Alternative Names: Jabal al Jaru`, Jabal al Jarū‘, جبل الجروع
^Alternative Names: Jabal Bal `Isa, Jabal Bal ‘Īsá, Jabal Bil `Ays, Jabal Bil `Isa, Jabal Bil ‘Ays, Jabal Bil ‘Īsá, Jabal Bu al `Ays, Jabal Bū al ‘Ays, Jabal Rawala, Jabal Rawla, Jabal Rawlah, جبل بل عيسى
^Alternative Names: Jebel Bahar, Jabal Baḩr, Jabal Al Bahar
^Alternative Names: Al Jabal al Abyad, Al Jabal al Abyaḍ, Al Jabal al Abyaḑ, Jabal Abyad, Jabal Abyaḑ, Jabal al Abyad, Jabal al Abyaḍ, Jabal al Abyaḑ, aljbl alabyd, jbl alabyd, الجبل الأبيض, جبل الأبيض
^Alternative Names: Jebel Sham, Jabal Shām
^Alternative Names: Jabal al Ḩārah, Jabal Fine, Ras al Ḩārah, Jabal al Harah, Jabal al Ḥārrah, Fine Peak
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/39 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - PAGE 39 - The National Archives, London, England
^ a b c d e f g h Tribulus - Volume 19 - 2011 - Journal of the Emirates Natural History Group - The Flora of the Ru'us al-Jibal -the Mountains of the Musandam Peninsula: An Annotated Checklist and Selected Observations - Gary R. Feulner - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2011<https://enhg.org/Portals/1/trib/V19/TribulusV19.pdf>
^ a b"FO 371/132797 - Frontiers between Muscat and Trucial States- 1958 - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
^"The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/55 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - PAGE 55 - The National Archives, London, England
^www.geoview.info - Jabal Shams
^https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=13231 www.peakbagger.com - Jebel Shams, Oman
^Trekking path to the southern summit of Jabal Shams from ‘The Plateau’ - Ministry of Tourism <https://web.archive.org/web/20130309194328/http://www.omantourism.gov.om/wps/wcm/connect/ac5623804470a00db4dabfbf0c53e49e/trekking+routs3.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ac5623804470a00db4dabfbf0c53e49e]
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/55 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - 1936 - The National Archives, London, England
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/35 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - 1936 - The National Archives, London, England
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/162864/n/53 Sultan's Armed Forces - Ref. FO 371/162864 - 1962 - The National Archives, London, England
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/464/33/n/115 Arabia: arbitration concerning Buraimi and the common frontier between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia; memorial submitted by the UK Government, volume 2, annexes - Ref. FO 464/33 - 1955 - The National Archives, London, England
^"Qarn Wukān". Peakvisor. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
^"Qarn Wukān GNS:id 14497623". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). Retrieved 2024-06-06.
^www.peakbagger.com - Jebel Qiyut, Oman
^"Qarn al Ḩammām". om.geoview.info. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
^ a b c d e"FCO 18/1863 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Rams - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1971) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^www.peakbagger.com - Jebel al Harim, Oman
^Lancaster, William; Lancaster, Fidelity (July 2011). Honour is in Contentment: Life Before Oil in Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) and Some Neighbouring Regions. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110223408.
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/26 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - 1936 - The National Archives, London, England
^"FCO 18/1897 Map Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States (1963) - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/43 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - PAGE 43 - The National Archives, London, England
^ Journal of Arid Environments - ELSEVIER - Vegetation patterns and diversity along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in
the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman - Katja Brinkmann, Annette Patzelt, Uta Dickhoefer, Eva Schlecht, Andreas Buerkert - 2008<http://w.sulama.de/documents/publications/Brinkmann_2009.pdf>
^"Mindat - Jabal as Sayḩ". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^"Jebel Qihwi - Western Route - Wadi Niqab - Ben Robbins|". www.wikiloc.com. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
^FCO 18/1920 - 1962 - Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States: prepared and drawn from sketch maps and information supplied by Julian Walker; preliminary edition<https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1920>
^FCO 18/1932 - 1958 - Sketch map drawn by Julian Walker for boundary delimitation: Ras Al Khaimah<https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1932>
^FCO 18/1969 - 1959 - Sketch map drawn by Julian Walker for boundary delimitation: Dibba - The National Archives, London, England <https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1969>
^"Wadi Bih (UAE) to Jebel Tafif (Oman)". Wikiloc - Trails of the World. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
^ a b c Jāmiʻat al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah. Geoprojects (U.K.) Ltd., The National atlas of the United Arab Emirates, Al Ain : United Arab Emirates University - 1993
^"FCO 18/1861 Map Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Khasab (1975) - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
^"GeoNames - Um Alnosoor". GeoNames.org. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^"FCO 18/1796 - Map of Trucial States, Muscat and Oman - Aswad - Scale 1:100 000 - Published by D Survey, Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom (1971) - Edition 3-GSGS - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^ a b"FCO 18/1898 Map Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States (1963) - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
^"Um Alnosoor trail". Wikiloc - Trails of the World. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
^"Jebel Hafeet, United Arab Emirates". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
^"FCO 18/1850 Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Jebel Al Rawdah, with handwritten annotations (1970) - The National Archives, London, England". Arabian Gulf Digital Archives. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
^"Jabal as Sumaynī, Muḩāfaz̧at al Buraymī, Oman". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
^"Mindat - Jabal Bu Faraj". Mindat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-13.