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2024 Sri Lankan presidential election

The 2024 Sri Lankan presidential election is the 9th presidential election and is being held on 21 September 2024, where voters will choose a president for a five-year term.[3][4] Incumbent President Ranil Wickremesinghe ran for re-election as an independent candidate, making him the first sitting president to run for re-election since Mahinda Rajapaksa in 2015.[5][6][7] Other prominent candidates include Leader of the Opposition Sajith Premadasa, Anura Kumara Dissanayake of the NPP, and Namal Rajapaksa, son of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa.[8]

The first vote count concluded with no candidate winning a majority. Dissanayake won a plurality of the vote with 42.31%, followed closely by Premadasa with 32.76%. President Wickremesinghe finished third, winning only 17.27% of the vote. Since no candidate won a majority, a second round of vote counting will be held for the first time in Sri Lanka's history.[9]

Background

The last direct presidential elections held in Sri Lanka were in 2019, where SLPP candidate Gotabaya Rajapaksa won the election in a landslide victory, defeating his main opponent Sajith Premadasa.[10][11]

Rajapaksa resigned on 14 July 2022 during the 2022 Sri Lankan protests.[12] This triggered an indirect presidential election via Parliament a week later, to elect a successor according to the Article 40 of the Constitution.[13] Ranil Wickremesinghe, who had been appointed as Prime Minister by Rajapaksa just two months earlier, received the most votes and was sworn in as the 9th President of Sri Lanka on 21 July 2022.[14][15]

Article 40 of the Constitution of Sri Lanka states that "Any person so succeeding to the office of President shall hold office only for the unexpired period of the term of office of the President vacating office.[16] President Wickremesinghe's term is due to expire on 17 November 2024.

Discussion surrounding the 2024 election had been a major topic since the beginning of the year. The Election Commission stated that the election had to be held between 17 September and 16 October, as required by the Constitution. On 26 July, the Election Commission issued a Gazette notification declaring that the election would be held on 21 September 2024, with nominations for candidates to be submitted by 15 August.[17] The commission chose to hold the election on a Saturday, stating that this would help ensure a high voter turnout. On the same day, Ranil Wickremesinghe announced his candidacy for a second term as president, running as an independent candidate.[3][7]

Approximately 17 million people were eligible to vote in this election.[18][19]

Recent Sri Lankan election results

Prior election results

Maps

Electoral system

Type of electoral system

The President of Sri Lanka is elected through a system of limited ranked voting. Voters can express up to three ranked preferences for the presidency. If no candidate receives more than 50% of all valid votes in the first count, all candidates except the two who received the highest number of votes are eliminated. The second and third preference votes of the eliminated candidates are then redistributed to the remaining two candidates until one of them secures an outright majority.[20]

In practice, this system had seen no use. Every presidential election since the first in 1982 has resulted in a candidate from one of the major parties or alliances winning an outright majority in the first count. Consequently, most voters choose to mark only one candidate on their ballots, and many are either unaware that they can rank multiple candidates or choose not to exercise that prerogative.[21][22]

Voting procedure

The Election Commission outlined the voting procedure on 30 August 2024, detailing the ranked voting system due to the multiple candidates contesting the presidential election, ensuring voters were informed on how to cast and submit their ballots.[23][24] Voting began at 13,134 polling stations nationwide at 7:00 AM SLST on 21 September and closed at 4:00 PM SLST.[25]

Postal voting

The Election Commission announced the dates and locations for postal voting in a media release on 29 August 2024. This facility is available only to pre-approved officials engaged in election duties.[26][27] Postal voting was conducted on 4, 5, 6, 11, and 12 September, strictly according to the provided schedule.[28][29][25]

Ballot boxes and security systems

Due to the larger size of the ballot papers, the Election Commission has opted to use cardboard ballot boxes instead of traditional wooden ones. These boxes will be available in three sizes. A combination of wooden and cardboard ballot boxes was used in the 2019 Sri Lankan presidential election and the 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election.[30][31]

To further ensure security, the government imposed a liquor ban on the weekend of 21 to 22 September and deployed more than 63,000 police officers to secure polling stations and counting centres. It also banned the holding of victory rallies or celebrations until a week after the results were announced.[32] A nighttime curfew was also declared after the end of voting, which was lifted at noon on 22 September.[33]

Candidates

By the end of candidate registration on 15 August, the Election Commission had accepted a total of 39 applications for the presidential election, the highest number ever recorded for a presidential election in Sri Lanka.[34] One candidate, Mohamed Illiyas, died of a heart attack prior to the election.[25][35] His name on the ballot was not replaced. Despite the record number of candidates, none were female.[36][37]

Major candidates

Minor candidates

In addition to the six candidates mentioned above, there are 33 other candidates running in the election.[67][68]

One of the main reasons for the proliferation of candidates is the low election deposit required to contest – Rs. 50,000 (US$170) for party candidates and Rs. 75,000 (US$250) for independent candidates. These amounts that have remained unchanged since the introduction of presidential elections in 1982.[98][99]

Many of the minor candidates are proxy or dummy candidates put forward by the main contenders to maximise the benefits of candidacy, such as having two agents at every polling station, assigning counting agents, receiving free slots on state television, and gaining general media coverage.[100][101][102]

Withdrawn candidates

The following candidates initially declared their intentions to contest the election but later declined and withdrew from the campaign.

Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna

Sri Lanka Freedom Party

Rejected candidates

The following candidate placed his deposit before the nomination date but failed to appear and submit his nomination papers.

Campaign

Debates

7 September presidential debate

The first presidential debate was scheduled for 7 September 2024, hosted by the March 12 Movement. Four candidates, Sajith Premadasa, Namal Rajapaksa, Dilith Jayaweera, and P. Ariyanethiran, confirmed their participation. The debate took place at the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall (BMICH) and was broadcast live on mainstream television and social media platforms.[109] However, despite initial confirmations, only Dilith Jayaweera attended the debate.[110][111]

Platforms

Ranil Wickremesinghe highlighted his administration’s success in resolving shortages of basic goods. Anura Kumara Dissanayake campaigned on a platform promoting economic freedoms and welfare protections for the working class. Sajith Premadasa vowed to mitigate the impact of the International Monetary Fund's restructuring programme on the poor and promised devolved political powers to the Tamil minority. Namal Rajapaksa pledged to reduce tax burdens, attributing the recent economic and political crises to the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]

Election monitors

Following an invitation from the Election Commission of Sri Lanka, the European External Action Service (EEAS) of the European Union (EU) will deploy an Election Observation Mission (EOM) to observe the Presidential Election scheduled for 21 September.[112][113]

The Election Commission further announced that representatives from 12 countries have been invited to observe the upcoming election. Among those participating are South Asian countries such as India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Maldives, as well as a Commonwealth observer group (COG)[114] and representatives from the Asian Election Observation Network.[115]

Campaign finances

Expenditure cap and regulations

The Election Commission, through a Gazette notification (Gazette Extraordinary – No. 2397/66 on 16 August 2024), set an expenditure cap of Rs. 109 per voter for the 2024 presidential election. As a result, each candidate is now permitted to spend a maximum of Rs. 1.8 billion (Rs. 1,868,298,586).[116] These regulations have been enforced under the Regulation of Election Expenditure Act, No. 3 of 2023, which was certified on 24 January 2023.[117]

Candidate asset declarations

Under the Anti-Corruption Act, election candidates must submit a Declaration of Assets and Liabilities to the Commissioner of Elections with their nomination papers, covering assets and liabilities up to the date the election is announced.[118][119]

After candidates in the Presidential Election submitted their declarations to the Elections Commission on 15 August 2024, the deadline for nomination papers, the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC) obtained and published redacted versions on its official website.[120][121]

Opinion polls

Institute for Health Policy

The Institute for Health Policy (IHP) is an independent research institution.[citation needed]

The following nationwide presidential poll was conducted by the IHP. The poll ranked Sajith Premadasa, Anura Kumara Dissanayake, Ranil Wickremesinghe, and a generic SLPP candidate. All polls conducted before Namal Rajapaksa announced his candidacy on 7 August, including the IHP MRP Presidential Election Update June 2024 released on 1 August, did not account for his entry.[122][123]

Numbers.lk

Numbers.lk is a platform that curates and presents statistics related to Sri Lanka.

Favourability ratings

Note

January 2024

In the Institute for Health Policy (IHP) Sri Lanka Opinion Tracker Survey (SLOTS) polling, all major party candidates continued to have negative favourability ratings. The net favourability rating of Anura Kumara Dissanayake increased by 12 points to -10, while the favourability ratings of Sajith Premadasa and incumbent President Ranil Wickremesinghe each decreased by 9 points, to -53 and -77, respectively.[124]

March 2024

In IHP SLOTS polling, the net favourability rating of Sajith Premadasa increased by 30 points to -30 in March compared to the previous month, while the favourability ratings of Anura Kumara Dissanayake and President Ranil Wickremesinghe remained relatively unchanged at -24 (down 2 points) and -78 (up 1 point), respectively.[125]

July 2024

In the IHP SLOTS polling conducted in July 2024, the net favourability rating of Anura Kumara Dissanayake rose by 29 points from June, reaching +3. President Ranil Wickremesinghe’s favourability improved by 40 points to -24, surpassing that of Sajith Premadasa. Sajith Premadasa’s favourability rating changed little, shifting from -42 in June to -44 in July.[126]

August 2024

In the IHP SLOTS polling for August 2024, the net favourability rating of Sajith Premadasa improved to -32, a 10-point increase compared to July. Meanwhile, Anura Kumara Dissanayake and President Ranil Wickremesinghe saw their favourability ratings drop to -21 (a decrease of 16 points) and -33 (a decrease of 4 points), respectively. The favourability rating of Namal Rajapaksa, stood at -89.[127]

Results

National

By district

Aftermath

While counting was still underway, foreign minister Ali Sabry congratulated Dissanayake, citing his strong showing in the results.[129]

Notes

  1. ^ New Democratic Front candidate led by the United National Party
  2. ^ Not eligible to contest due to holding dual citizenship

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