The bantustans with nominal independence were namely: Transkei (1976),[a][1]Bophuthatswana (1977),[b][2][3]Venda (1979)[c][4] and Ciskei (1981),[d][5] hence the abbreviation TBVC.
The TBVC states were reintegrated into South Africa in the wake of the first post-apartheid general election in April 1994.[6]
^Henry Kamm (26 October 1976). "Transkei, a South African Black Area, Is Independent". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"South Africa Makes 2d Black Homeland Independent Nation". The New York Times. Reuters. 6 December 1977. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^"An Empty Ceremony in South Africa". The New York Times. 6 December 1977. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"South Africa Starts a New Nation". The New York Times. UPI. 14 September 1979. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^Joseph Lelyveld (4 December 1981). "CISKEI 'HOMELAND' DECLARED A SEPARATE NATION". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^All Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994, in terms of section 1(2) and Schedule 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993, the so-called "Interim Constitution" which abolished apartheid in South Africa. The text of this Interim Constitution, which came into force on 27 April 1994, coinciding with the beginning of the first democratic elections, is available online at Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994.
^"Chief Botha Sigcau, 66, First Transkei President". The New York Times. 2 December 1978. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^"President Elected in Transkei". The New York Times. Reuters. 20 February 1979. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^"Six Cabinet Ministers Resign in Transkei Scandal". The New York Times. 25 September 1987. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"Army Coup in South African Homeland". The New York Times. 31 December 1987. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"Army Stages Coup in Black S. Africa Area: General Takes Over in Transkei Region, Charges Corruption". The Los Angeles Times. 30 December 1987. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
^ a b c d"Foreign ministers S-Z". rulers.org. B. Schemmel. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
^"A Homeland's Agony". The New York Times. 13 March 1994. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^John D. Battersby (11 February 1988). "South Africa Quells Coup Attempt in a Homeland". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"Patrick Mphephu, Homeland Leader, 63". The New York Times. 21 April 1988. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^"Security forces stage coup in S. African homeland". UPI Archives. 5 April 1990. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ a b c dElections in South Africa's Apartheid-Era Homelands "Bantustans" African Elections Database
^"'HOMELAND' LEADER DEPOSED IN CISKEI". The New York Times. 5 March 1990. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^"A 2d Homeland Is Taken Over By South Africa". The New York Times. 23 March 1994. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
External links
World Statesmen – South Africa (South African Homelands)[1]
^The dates and designations given on the sites World Statesmen and Rulers are partially inaccurate.