Парфянская империя (247 г. до н. э. – 228 г. н. э.)
Династия Селевкидов постепенно утратила контроль над Персией. В 253 году в Парфии утвердилась династия Аршакидов . Парфяне постепенно расширяли свой контроль, пока к середине II века до нашей эры Селевкиды полностью не потеряли контроль над Персией. Контроль над восточными территориями был навсегда потерян Антиохом VII в 129 г. до н.э.
Более полные списки королей, королев, субкоролей и субкоролев этой Эры см.:
Королевство Буидов было разделено на ряд отдельных эмиратов, из которых наиболее важными были Фарс , Рэй и Ирак . Как правило, один из эмиров обладал своего рода превосходством primus inter pares над остальными, что отмечалось такими титулами, как Амир аль-умара (который связывал их с иерархией халифата Аббасидов ) и Шаханшах (который династия возродила как знак независимости от халифов Аббасидов).
Более полные списки королей и субкоролей этой Эры см.:
^Behistun Inscription: This is Phraortes. He lied, saying: "I am Khshathrita, of the dynasty of Cyaxares. I am king in Media."
^G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30–36.
^Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
^Hoschander, Jacob (1918). "The Book of Esther in the Light of History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 9 (1/2). Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Oxford University: 1–41. doi:10.2307/1451208. JSTOR 1451208. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ a bCNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) II. Early-mid 2nd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 16.23 g, 11h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.
^Rezakhani, Khodadad (2010). "The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis". Nameye Iran-E Bastan, 15.
^ a bAssar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
^ a b c d e f gQashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
^ a b c d e f gAssar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC" Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
^Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC"
^Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
^Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
^See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
^See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
^In Persian it means "King of Kings"
^"The great king of Armenians"
^"The penetrator of the shoulders"
^"Queen"
^Bosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
^In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
^Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
^Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
^Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
^Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
^Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
^Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701–702 and 707
^H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
^بزرگ.
^"Ottoman and Persian Empires 1730–1875 by Sanderson Beck".
^Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press
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