This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.
Median Dynasty (700–550 BC)
Teispid Kingdom (c.705–559 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)
Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great.
The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC.
For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:
The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara (which tied them into the hierarchy of the Abbasid Caliphate) and Shahanshah (which the dynasty revived as a sign of independence from the Abbasid caliphs).
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
^Behistun Inscription: This is Phraortes. He lied, saying: "I am Khshathrita, of the dynasty of Cyaxares. I am king in Media."
^G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30–36.
^Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
^Hoschander, Jacob (1918). "The Book of Esther in the Light of History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 9 (1/2). Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Oxford University: 1–41. doi:10.2307/1451208. JSTOR 1451208. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
^ a bCNG: KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) II. Early-mid 2nd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 16.23 g, 11h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint.
^Rezakhani, Khodadad (2010). "The "Unbekannter König III" and the Coinage of Hellenistic and Arsacid Persis". Nameye Iran-E Bastan, 15.
^ a bAssar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
^ a b c d e f gQashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
^ a b c d e f gAssar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC" Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II"
^Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 BC"
^Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
^Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
^See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
^See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
^In Persian it means "King of Kings"
^"The great king of Armenians"
^"The penetrator of the shoulders"
^"Queen"
^Bosworth 1996, p. 168-169.
^In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
^Bosworth 1977, p. 22-24.
^Bosworth 1977, p. 45.
^Bosworth 1977, p. 90.
^Bosworth 1977, p. 93-95.
^Bosworth 1996, p. 297.
^Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701–702 and 707
^H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
^بزرگ.
^"Ottoman and Persian Empires 1730–1875 by Sanderson Beck".
^Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press
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