Chemical rule used to calculate the structures of boranes
The styx rule, also known as Lipscomb's styx rule, can be used to calculate the structures of boranes. It was developed by William Lipscomb in 1954.[1] The rule defines boranes to have four types of bonds besides the terminal B-H bonds:[2]
The structures assigned to the letters s, t, y, and x
Where:
B-H-B bonds are 3c-2e bonds, taking up three orbitals and two valence electrons.
B-B-B bonds are 3c-2e bonds, taking up three orbitals and two valence electrons.
B-B bonds are 2c-2e bonds, taking up two orbitals and two valence electrons.
The -BH2 group consists of an extra B-H bond formed on the BH units and is thus considered to take up two orbitals and two valence electrons.
The bonding structure deduced by the styx rule doesn't reflect the true symmetry of boranes.[2] More modern methods that more accurately reflect the bonding nature of boranes like Wade's rules have been developed.[3]
Calculation
When given the chemical formula of a borane (BmHn), one can deduce its styx numbers by first separating the formula into (BH)mHn-m. Then, one can make use of three equations:[2][4]
s+x=n-m, due to the number of hydrogen atoms
3m+n=2m+2s+2t+2y+2x, due to the number of electrons
4m+n=2(n-m)+3s+3t+2y+2x, due to the number of bonding orbitals
With these, one can come up with several integer combinations of styx. However, some are ruled out because styx are non-negative.
^Eberhardt, W. H.; Crawford, Bryce; Lipscomb, William N. (1954-06-01). "The Valence Structure of the Boron Hydrides". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 22 (6): 989–1001. Bibcode:1954JChPh..22..989E. doi:10.1063/1.1740320. ISSN 0021-9606.
^ a b cZhou, Gong-du; Duan, Lianyun (2017). Jie gou hua xue ji chu (Di 5 ban) =: Fundamentals of structural chemistry = Jiegou huaxue jichu. 21 shi ji hua xue gui hua jiao cai · ji chu ke xi lie (Di 5 ban ed.). Beijing Shi: Beijing da xue chu ban she. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-7-301-28307-3. OCLC 1055689036.
^Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2018). Inorganic chemistry (5th ed.). Harlow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney: Pearson. pp. 426–437. ISBN 978-1-292-13414-7.
^Lipscomb, William N. (August 1979). "Relationship of the styx rules to Wade's rules". Inorganic Chemistry. 18 (8): 2328. doi:10.1021/ic50198a062. ISSN 0020-1669.
