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Tell el-Ajjul

Tall al-Ajjul or Tell el-'Ajul is an archaeological mound or tell in the Gaza Strip. The fortified city excavated at the site dates as far back as ca. 2000-1800 BCE and was inhabited during the Bronze Age. It is located at the mouth of Wadi Ghazzah just south of the town of Gaza.[1]

Location

Tell el-Ajjul is about 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) inland from the modern coastline.[2] It is close to the main land route between ancient Egypt and the Levant.[3]

History

Archaeologists have excavated remains dated mainly to the Middle and Late Bronze Age.[4]

Middle Bronze

Middle Bronze IIA

In the MBIIA, Tell el-Ajjul was an important city in the Southern Levant.

Middle Bronze IIB-C

In the MB IIB, the population increased and many sites developed in the southern Levant. Tell el-Ajjul had the largest number of Egyptian Second Intermediate Period imports.[5]

Late Bronze

Large quantities of pumice were deposited during the Late Bronze Age, which may have been caused by the Thera (Santorini) volcanic eruption. If proven correct, this would offer a good correlation and dating tool.[4]

Treaty of Tell Ajul (1229)

The Sixth Crusade came to an end with the so-called Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul.[6] These were in fact two different treaties, the first being the one signed at Tell Ajul by the competing Ayyubid rulers of Egypt, Syria and various smaller principalities. This treaty settled their territorial disputes and left Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt in a very powerful position. The follow-up treaty was signed at Jaffa by Al-Kamil and the leader of the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II, thus removing the threat posed to Al-Kamil by the European armies.[7][6]

Identification

Position of Tell el-Ajjul among other Bronze and Early Iron Age tells in the area

Ajjul is one of the proposed sites for Sharuhen and for Beth Eglaim mentioned in Eusebius's Onomasticon, in contrast with Petrie's initial identification with ancient Gaza.[4] Eusebius placed Beth Eglaim at eight Roman miles from Gaza.[4] The name is absent from the Bible, and is given by Eusebius in Greek as Bethaglaim.[8]

In the 1970s, the archaeologist Aharon Kempinski proposed identifying Tell el-Ajjul with Sharuhen, the last stronghold of the Hyksos c. 1550 BCE.[citation needed]

Investigations

In 1930-1934 Tell el-Ajjul was excavated by British archaeologists under the direction of Sir Flinders Petrie, who thought the site was ancient Gaza.[9][10][11][12][13] He was accompanied by Olga Tufnell.[14] One of Flinders Petrie's discoveries were three hoards of Bronze Age gold jewellery, considered to be among the greatest Bronze Age finds in the Levant.[15][16] Scarab seals of the Egyptian pharaohs Apepi, Sheshi, Sekhaenre and 'Ammu were also uncovered.[17] Most of the collection is preserved at the British Museum in London and the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem.[15]

Plans for new investigations at Tell el-Ajjul began to be developed in 1998 as a joint collaboration between the recently formed Department of Antiquities of Palestine and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.[18] The department was established in 1994 and the work at Tell el-Ajjul was one of several international collaborations as the Palestinian people took on a greater role in fieldwork in the country.[19] In 1999 and 2000 the archaeological fieldwork was led by Peter M. Fischer and Moain Sadeq because of a common interest in the protection and exploration of the site. The work was interrupted due to the outbreak of the Second Intifada.[4][20]

A large amount of imported pottery from Cyprus has been discovered. These imports begin with Base-ring I, and White Slip I types of pottery. In particular, over 200 sherds of White Slip I have been found, which pottery is rarely found outside of Cyprus. The majority of the sherds, nevertheless, are of the later White Slip II and Base-ring II wares. There are also sherds of other kinds of Cypriot pottery, including Bichrome Wheel-made, Monochrome, Red Lustrous Wheel-made, and White Painted V/VI. Mycenean pottery and such from Upper Egypt were also found.[4][21]

Conservation

A combination of erosion and human intervention in the form of bulldozing have left the tell smaller than it was in the first half of the 20th century.[3] After the conclusion of excavations at Tell el-Ajjul in the early 21st century the site was buried and adapted to agriculture.[22] The area underwent significant landcapes changes with clearances in the 2000s followed by the construction of new buildings nearby and infrastructure such as roads. Around the time of the 2014 Gaza War, craters and buildings demolitions were recorded at Tell el-Ajjul and in its vicinity through aerial photography.[23] Though thousands of artefacts have been discovered at from Tell el-Ajjul, evidencing that the settlement was "an extremely rich and important trade hub", the finds were moved to other countries.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ "II. Preliminary Results | Swedish Archaeology in Jordan, Palestine and Cyprus, Peter Fischer". Fischer Archaeology. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  2. ^ Fischer, Peter M.; Sadeq, Moain (2000). "Tell El-ʿajjul 1999: A Joint Palestinian-Swedish Field Project: First Season Preliminary Report". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 10: 212–213. JSTOR 23783495 – via JSTOR.
  3. ^ a b Fischer, Peter M.; Sadeq, Moain (2000). "Tell El-ʿajjul 1999: A Joint Palestinian-Swedish Field Project: First Season Preliminary Report". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 10: 213. JSTOR 23783495 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). "Ajjul (Tell el-)". Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
  5. ^ Daphna Ben-Tor (2007) Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections, p. 168
  6. ^ a b Adrian J. Boas (2001). Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule. London: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9780415230001. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  7. ^ Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. State University of New York (SUNY) Press. pp. 197–198. ISBN 0873952634. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  8. ^ Geoffrey William Bromiley, ed. (1979). "Beth-eglaim". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 (reprint, revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 465. ISBN 9780802837813. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  9. ^ [1] Petrie W.M.F. 1931. "Ancient Gaza I: Tell el Ajjūl", (BSAE LIII). London
  10. ^ [2] Petrie W.M.F. 1934. "Ancient Gaza II: Tell el Ajjūl", (BSAE LIV). London
  11. ^ [3] Petrie W.M.F. 1933. "Ancient Gaza III: Tell el Ajjūl", (BSAE LV). London
  12. ^ [4] Petrie W.M.F. 1934. "Ancient Gaza III: Tell el Ajjūl", (BSAE LVI). London
  13. ^ [5] Petrie W.M.F. 1954. "City of shepherd Kings, and Ancient Gaza V", (BSAE LXIV). London
  14. ^ Green, John D. M., and Ros Henry, editors. “Tell El-‘Ajjul, 1930-2.” Olga Tufnell’s “Perfect Journey”: Letters and Photographs of an Archaeologist in the Levant and Mediterranean, UCL Press, 2021, pp. 154–98
  15. ^ a b British Museum Collection
  16. ^ Rockefeller Museum website
  17. ^ Flinders, Petrie (1933). Ancient Gaza Chapter III: Scarabs Tell El Ajjul (London, 1933).
  18. ^ Fischer, Peter M.; Sadeq, Moain (2000). "Tell El-ʿajjul 1999: A Joint Palestinian-Swedish Field Project: First Season Preliminary Report". Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant. 10: 211. JSTOR 23783495 – via JSTOR.
  19. ^ Taha, Hamdan (2010). "The Current State of Archaeology in Palestine". Present Pasts. 2 (1): 17–21. doi:10.5334/pp.17. ISSN 1759-2941.
  20. ^ Swedish Archaeology in Jordan, Palestine and Cyprus, Tell el-’Ajjul excavations, Season 2000, Preliminary Results -- by Peter Fischer
  21. ^ Celia J. Bergoffen, Early Late Cypriot Ceramic Exports to Canaan: White Slip I. In : Leaving No Stones Unturned / Hansen Donald P. - Winona Lake : Eisenbrauns, 2002. - p.23-41
  22. ^ a b El Khoudary, Yasmeen (2019), "Gaza's Historical Cycles of Prosperity and Destruction", in Yacobi, Haim; Nasasra, Mansour (eds.), Routledge Handbook on Middle East Cities (1 ed.), Routledge, p. 92, doi:10.4324/9781315625164-7, ISBN 978-1-315-62516-4
  23. ^ Andreou, Georgia M.; Fradley, M.; Blue, L.; Breen, C. (2024). "Establishing a baseline for the study of maritime cultural heritage in the Gaza Strip". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 156 (1): 22, 25. doi:10.1080/00310328.2022.2037923. ISSN 0031-0328.

Bibliography

Early Descriptions

Excavation Reports

Subsequent Archaeological Studies

Encyclopedia Articles

Museum Collections

External links

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