Language family of South America
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.[1]
Classification
Chacon (2014)
There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]
- Tucanoan
- Western Tucanoan
- ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
- Napo
- Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
- Correguaje–Secoya
- Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
- Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
- ?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé) †
- Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
- Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
- ?Tama †
- Eastern Tucanoan
- South
- West
- Barasana–Macuna
- Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
- Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
- Cubeo–Desano
- Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
- Yupua–Desano
- East
- Central
- Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea)
- Waimaha–Tatuyo
- North
- Kotiria–Piratapuyo
- Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
- Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
- Pisamira–Yuruti
Plus unclassified Miriti.†
Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]
(† = extinct)
- Tukano
- Tukano, Western
- Kueretu †
- Tukano, Western, Nuclear
- Mai Huna
- Koreguaje-Pioje
- Koreguaje-Tama
- Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
- Tukano, Eastern
- Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
- Tukano, Eastern, West
- Tukano, Eastern, East
- Tukano-Tatuyo
- Tuyuka-Wanano
- Wanano-Piratapuyu
- Tuyuka-Karapanã
Varieties
Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]
Proto-language
Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[5]
References
- ^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
- ^ Chacon, Thiago (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics. 80 (3): 275–322. doi:10.1086/676393. S2CID 147252620.
- ^ Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
- ^ Aracus. amazonwaters.org
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at
Appendix:Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions