Tucanoan languages

Language family of South America

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.^[1]

Classification

Chacon (2014)

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.^[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.^[3]

• Tucanoan
  • Western Tucanoan
    • ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
    • Napo
      • Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
      • Correguaje–Secoya
        • Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
        • Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
          • ?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé) †
          • Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
          • Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
          • ?Tama †
  • Eastern Tucanoan
    • South
      • Tanimuca (a.k.a. Retuarã)
      • ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna) †
    • West
      • Barasana–Macuna
        • Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
        • Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
      • Cubeo–Desano
        • Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
        • Yupua–Desano
          • ?Yupuá †
          • Desano–Siriano (a.k.a. Desano)
    • East
      • Central
        • Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea)
        • Waimaha–Tatuyo
          • Waimajã (a.k.a. Bara, Northern Barasano)
          • Tatuyo
      • North
        • Kotiria–Piratapuyo
          • Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
          • Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
        • Pisamira–Yuruti
          • Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
          • Tuyuca–Yuruti
            • Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, a.k.a. Bara, Barasana)
            • Yurutí

Plus unclassified Miriti.†

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):^[1]

(† = extinct)

• Tukano
  • Tukano, Western
    • Kueretu †
    • Tukano, Western, Nuclear
      • Mai Huna
      • Koreguaje-Pioje
        • Koreguaje-Tama
          • Koreguaje
          • Tama †
        • Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
          • Makaguaje †
          • Sekoya
          • Siona
          • Tetete †
  • Tukano, Eastern
    • Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
    • Tukano, Eastern, West
      • Kubeo-Desano
        • Kubeo
        • Desano-Yupua
          • Desano; Siriano
          • Yupua †
      • Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
    • Tukano, Eastern, East
      • Tukano-Tatuyo
        • Tukano
        • Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
          • Tatuyo
          • Bara; Waimaha
      • Tuyuka-Wanano
        • Wanano-Piratapuyu
          • Wanano
          • Piratapuyo
        • Tuyuka-Karapanã
          • Karapanã; Pisamira
          • Tuyuka; Yuruti

Varieties

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.^[4]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.^[4]

Proto-language

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):^[5]

References

1. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
2. Chacon, Thiago (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics. 80 (3): 275–322. doi:10.1086/676393. S2CID 147252620.
3. Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
4. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
5. Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
6. Aracus. amazonwaters.org

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

• Proel: Familia Tucanoana