Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great

Monumental sculpture in Unter den Linden, Berlin

The equestrian statue of Frederick the Great on Unter den Linden avenue in Berlin's Mitte district commemorates King Frederick II of Prussia. Created from 1839 to 1851 by Christian Daniel Rauch, it is a masterpiece of the Berlin school of sculpture, marking the transition from neoclassicism to realism. The bronze statue shows "The Old Fritz" dressed in military uniform, ermine coat and tricorne hat on horseback above the leading generals, statesmen, artists and scientist of his time. Walled in during World War II, it was disassembled by East Germany in 1950, reassembled in Sanssouci Park in 1963, and returned to its original location in 1980.

History

Prussian King Frederick William III commissioned the monument from sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch in 1839. It was cast beginning in 1845 by Karl Ludwig Friebel, whom Rauch brought from Lauchhammer for the purpose; changes to the figures on the base extended work to six years,^[1] and the monument was unveiled on 31 May 1851.^[2] It is one of Rauch's best known works, and influenced other monuments erected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[3]

The equestrian statue influenced many other monuments and is a registered monument of the City of Berlin. Beneath the equestrian statue itself, the unusually large plinth includes reliefs of the four cardinal virtues and important scenes from Frederick's life, and depictions, many in full relief, of 74 notable men from his reign; bronze plaques beneath the bands of sculpture list military men, philosophers, mathematicians, poets, statesmen, engineers, and others important in Prussia's emergence as a great power in the mid-18th century.

During World War II, the monument was encased in concrete for protection. In May 1950, the East German Magistrat decided to remove it to the park at the palace of Sanssouci in Potsdam. Metal thieves damaged it after the protective casing was removed, and it was dismantled and taken away between 13 and 19 July.^[4] After being stored in pieces and at one point almost melted down,^[5] by 1962 the monument had been re-erected in the hippodrome at Charlottenhof Palace.

In the 1980s, the East German government changed its politics of memory and especially its position on the Prussian heritage. In 1980 Erich Honecker called Frederick "the Great" in an interview with Robert Maxwell; in the same year, the historian Ingrid Mittenzwei [de] published a relatively positive biography of the king.^[6] The statue was restored and returned to Unter den Linden,^[7] approximately 6 metres (20 ft) east of its old position.^[5] West Germany saw a similar return of a more positive view on Prussia with the Berlin exhibition Preußen – Versuch einer Bilanz (Prussia, an attempt at a complete picture).^[8] The preparations to celebrate the 750th anniversary of the founding of Berlin in 1987 led to further reconsideration of the Prussian heritage; that year Gisela May performed a song celebrating the statue's return.^[9]

After German reunification, the Senate of Berlin had the monument scientifically restored,^[10] and it was replaced in its original position, with the wrought-iron fence and 19th-century lamp posts recreated. After having paint thrown at it during a protest against the Bundeswehr, it was restored once more in 2006 and given a coating of wax to protect against graffiti.^[11]

• 
  Unveiling of the memorial, 1851
• 
  Looking towards the Brandenburg Gate, 1930s
• 
  Looking towards the Berlin Palace, 1920s
• 
  Removal of the casing, 1950
• 
  In the hippodrome at Charlottenhof Palace in Potsdam, c. 1963
• 
  Return to the original location, 1980

Description and location

Equestrian statue of Frederick II

The monument is 13.5 metres (44 ft) tall, with the equestrian statue itself standing 5.66 metres (18.6 ft) high. It depicts Frederick in military uniform and an ermine-trimmed cloak, wearing his decorations, and with his characteristic bicorne hat; he holds the reins in his left hand and in his right has a walking stick. The statue is mounted on an unusually tall plinth, 7.84 metres (25.7 ft) high, bearing two bands of additional sculpture above a band of inscriptions: the upper section shows scenes from the king's life, with the four cardinal virtues at the corners, while the middle depicts 74 great men of Frederick the Great's time in life size, many in full relief.^[3]

The statue stands at the east end of Unter den Linden, facing east at the west end of the former Forum Fridericianum (now Bebelplatz) towards the site of the royal palace.^[12] It is enclosed by a low wrought-iron fence, which was recreated when the monument was restored and replaced in its original position.^[3]

Upper band

The upper sculpted band, immediately below the statue of the king, shows in bas-relief scenes from his life and is garnished at the corners with emblems of the four cardinal virtues in full relief.^[13]

• The Virtues
• 
  Moderation
• 
  Justice
• 
  Courage
• 
  Prudence

Middle band

The middle band depicts 74 men of Frederick the Great's time in life-size; some, such as the figure of his brother August, are free-standing; others are depicted in high relief. A few, including James Keith, are in bas-relief. As with the upper band, four figures in full relief stand at the corners, this time on horseback: Frederick's brother, Prince Henry of Prussia; Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz; and Hans Joachim von Zieten.^[3]

• Four mounted figures
• 
  Prince Henry of Prussia, (1726–1802). Prince of Prussia. Frederick's brother.^[14]
• 
  Field Marshal Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1721–1792).^[15]
• 
  Lieutenant General and Inspector of Cavalry Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, (1721–1783).^[16]
• 
  Lieutenant General and General of Cavalry Hans Joachim von Zieten, Zieten aus dem Busch (1699–1786).^[17]

Between the mounted figures stand 25 of the key men of Frederick's career. Some of them are full-sized free-standing figures and several are carved in partial relief.^[13] The figures represented are predominantly military, but also include civilians of note, including diplomats, the Prime Minister of Prussia, jurists, poets, artists, and philosophers.^[3]

   indicates that the figure is in bas-relief.

• Relief Figures
• 
  Mounted (left): Duke Ferdinand. Partial Relief: Augustus and Belling. Foreground: Kleist, Dieskau, Winterfeldt. Mounted (right): Seydlitz.
• 
  (left to right) Joachim Bernhard von Prittwitz, Hans Sigismund von Lestwitz, Prince Augustus William of Prussia, Heinrich Sigismund von der Heyde, Johann Dietrich von Hülsen
• 
  Mounted (to the left): Seydlitz, Count Finckenstein, Schlabrendorf, Graun, Count von Carmer, Lessing, Kant, Mounted (to the right): Zeiten
• 
  Dessau and Schwerin appear in partial relief. Foreground: Gessler, Wedel, the "Young Dessauer", Wartenberg, Freiherr von der Golz.

Lower band

The lowest band lists names of additional key figures from Frederick's reign, pressed in bronze.^[3]

South face

The south face displays bronze plaques with the names of 25 generals.^[3]

North face

The north face contains the names of 32 key military figures in Frederick's life. Thirty-two are generals; three are men who contributed significantly to various battles but because of early deaths did not reach the highest military rank.^[3]

West face

The west face includes 14 men who contributed to the Prussian state as diplomats, authors, jurists, architects, painters and poets.^[3]

East face

Bronze plaque on the lower east face

The east face bears the names of Frederick the Great, Frederick William III, and Frederick William IV, along with the dates on which the monument was commissioned and completed.

Other statues of Frederick the Great

Johann Gottfried Schadow, who was Rauch's teacher and had received many commissions under the previous king, Frederick William II, had expected to carry out this commission. He had already in 1821–22 made a lifesize bronze of Frederick the Great with two greyhounds, which is at Sanssouci.^[117][118] He also created a marble statue of Frederick for the city of Stettin, now lost, a bronze reproduction of which is now in the grounds outside the New Wing at Charlottenburg Palace.^[119]

In 1865 two students of Rauch's, Aloisio Lazzerini and Carlo Baratta, made an approximately half-size copy in marble of Rauch's equestrian statue, which is in the park at Sanssouci.^[120]

Another smaller copy of Rauch's statue was made to commemorate Frederick's overnight stay in the Dehlitz section of Lützen before the Battle of Rossbach in 1757, and stood in a park there from 1858 until World War II, when it was moved for safekeeping to Lützen Castle.^[121]

See also

• Media related to Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great at Wikimedia Commons
• List of equestrian statues in Germany
• List of tourist attractions in Berlin

References

1. Wolfgang Vomm, Reiterstandbilder des 19. und fruhen 20. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland: zum Verständnis und zur Pflege eines traditionellen herrscherlichen Denkmaltyps im Historismus, dissertation, University of Cologne, 1979, 2 vols. Volume 1 OCLC 256342563, p. 150 (in German); the Berlin city monument page misspells Friebel's name as Carl Triebel.
2. Denkmal König Friedrichs des Grossen: enthüllt am 31. Mai 1851, Berlin: Decker, 1851 OCLC 249315081 (in German).
3. "Denkmal König Friedrich II. von Preußen" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt, Berlin, revised 10 April 2014 (in German)
4. "Das Denkmal Friedrichs des Großen", in Das Berliner Schloss und sein Untergang. Ein Bildbericht über die Zerstörung Berliner Kulturdenkmäler, ed. Karl Rodemann, Berlin: Tauber, 1951, OCLC 17159620, pp. 23–24 (in German).
5. Rudolf Hempel, "Der Ritt in die falsche Richtung", interview with Hans Bentzien, Neues Deutschland, 22 November 1997 (in German) (subscription required).
6. Ingrid Mittenzwei [de], Friedrich II. von Preußen. Eine Biographie. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften / Cologne: Pahl–Rugenstein, 1980, ISBN 3-7609-0512-9 (in German).
7. T. H. Elkins with B. Hofmeister, Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City, London/New York: Methuen, 1988, ISBN 9780416922202, p. 11 (digital ed. p. 10).
8. Gottfried Korff [de] (ed.), Preußen – Versuch einer Bilanz, exhibition catalogue, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1981. ISBN 3-499-34001-1 (in German).
9. Nashenka, "'Der Alte Fritz', Gisela May" Archived 2017-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, Politiek en Cultuur blog, 19 July 2010 (in German).
10. "Restaurierung des Bronzestandbildes Friedrich II. wurde fachtechnisch einwandfrei ausgeführt", press release, City of Berlin, 14 June 2001 (in German)
11. SAF, "Alter König frisch gereinigt", Berliner Morgenpost, 19 October 2006, archived at the Wayback Machine, 10 March 2007 (in German).
12. Hartwig Schmidt, "Architecture and Urban Planning 1850–1914", Berlin/New York: Like and Unlike: Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present, ed. Josef Paul Kleihues and Christina Rathgeber, New York: Rizzoli, 1993, ISBN 9780847816576, pp. 128–44, p. 130.
13. Denkmal König Friedrichs des Großen: Enthüllt am 31. Mai 1851, Berlin: Verlag der Deckerschen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, 1851, repr. Leipzig, 1987 (in German).
14. Ernst Graf zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Heinrich (Prinz von Preußen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 11 (1880), pp. 561–68 (in German).
15. Paul Zimmermann,"Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 272–81 (in German).
16. Anton Balthasar König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, welche sich in Preußischen Diensten berühmt gemacht haben [Biographical Dictionary of all those heroes and military figures who have earned fame in Prussian service], Berlin: A. Wever, 4 vols., 1788–1791, OCLC 34794450, Vol. 4 (1791), p. 2 (in German).
17. Bernhard von Poten, "Zieten, Hans Joachim von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 45 (1900), pp. 214–20 (in German).
18. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Hülsen, Johann Dietrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 13 (1881), p. 334 (in German).
19. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Dieskau, Karl von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), p. 147 (in German).
20. König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen: T. G-L (1789), pp. 157–60 (in German).
21. Michel Huberty, Alain Giraud, F. and B. Magdelaine, L'Allemagne Dynastique, Volume 2: Anhalt-Lippe-Wurtemberg, Le Perreux-sur-Marne: Laballery, 1979, ISBN 978-2-901138-02-0, pp. 459–60, 474–78, 499–500, (in French).
22. Poten, "Lestwitz, Hans Sigismund von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 457–58 (in German).
23. Lippe-Weißenfeld "Belling, Wilhelm Sebastian von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 2 (1875), pp. 312–13 (in German).
24. Poten, "Prittwitz, Joachim Bernhard von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 26 (1888), pp. 605–06 (in German).
25. Richard von Meerheimb, "August Wilhelm (Prinz von Preußen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 1 (1875), pp. 669–71 (in German).
26. Arnold Dietrich Schaefer "Keith, George Graf", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 551–55 (in German).
27. Poten, "Platen, Dubislaw von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 26 (1888), pp. 249–51 (in German).
28. Ferdinand Siebigk, "Leopold II. (preußischer Generalfeldmarschall", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 352–56 (in German).
29. Ferdinand Spehr, "Friedrich Franz", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 7 (1878), p. 505 (in German).
30. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Geßler, Friedrich Leopold, Graf von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), p. 95 (in German).
31. Poten, "Winterfeldt, Hans Karl von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 43 (1898), pp. 485–90 (in German).
32. Poten, "Wedell, Karl Heinrich von (Wedel)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 41 (1896), pp. 410–13 (in German).
33. Carl Christian Redlich, "Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 19 (1884), pp. 756–802.
34. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Ferdinand (Prinz von Preußen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 6 (1877), p. 709 (in German).
35. Siegfried Isaacsohn, "Finck von Finckenstein, Karl Wilhelm Graf", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 7 (1878), pp. 22–25 (in German).
36. Siebigk, "Leopold I. (Fürst von Anhalt-Dessau)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 336–52 (in German).
37. Colmar Grünhagen, "Schlabrendorff, Ernst Wilhelm von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 31 (1890), pp. 316–19 (in German).
38. Poten, "Schwerin, Kurd (Kurt) Christoph Graf von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 33 (1891), pp. 421–25 (in German).
39. Georg Friedrich Felix Eberty, "Carmer, Johann Heinrich Casimir Graf von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 4 (1876), pp. 1–3 (in German).
40. Lippe-Weißenfeld, Richard von Meerheimb, "Kleist, Friedrich Wilhelm von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 16 (1882), pp. 123–24.
41. Moritz Fürstenau, "Graun, Carl Heinrich", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), pp. 607–09 (in German).
42. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Goltz, Karl Christoph Freiherr von der", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), pp. 357–58 (in German).
43. "Kant". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, retrieved 12 March 2017.
44. Carl von Prantl, "Kant, Immanuel", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 81–97 (in German).
45. Poten, "Wartenberg, Hartwig Karl von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 41 (1896), pp. 193–94.
46. Poten "Linger, Christian von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 709–10 (in German).
47. Poten, "Lehwaldt, Hans von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 166–67 (in German).
48. Poten, "Rothenburg, Friedrich Rudolf Graf", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 29 (1889), pp. 358–59 (in German).
49. Poten,"Katzeler, Nikolaus Andreas von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 457–58 (in German).
50. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Buddenbrock, Wilhelm Dietrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 3 (1876), p. 500 (in German).
51. Poten, "Truchseß, Friedrich Sebastian Wunibald Graf", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 38 (1894), pp. 678–79 (in German).
52. Ferdinand Siebigk, "Moritz (preußischer Feldmarschall)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 22 (1885), pp. 263–68 (in German).
53. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Hautcharmoy, Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault Seigneur de", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 11 (1880), p. 113 (in German).
54. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Dohna-Schlodien, Christoph Graf von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), pp. 302–03 (in German).
55. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Kalckstein, Christoph Wilhelm von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), pp. 17–18 (in German).
56. Poten, "Nassau, Christof Ernst Graf von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 23 (1886), pp. 262–63 (in German).
57. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Karl Friedrich Albrecht", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 15 (1882), p. 263 (in German).
58. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Motte-Fouqué, Heinrich August Freiherr de la", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 7 (1878), pp. 201–02 (in German).
59. Heinrich Pröhle, "Stille, Christoph Ludwig von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 36 (1893), pp. 240–45 (in German).
60. Ernst Friedländer, "Jeetze, Joachim Christoph von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 13 (1881), pp. 751–53 (in German).
61. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Du Moulin, Peter Ludwig", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), p. 466 (in German).
62. Meerheimb, "August Wilhelm (preußischer General)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 1 (1875), pp. 665–67 (in German). Also called Brunswick-Bevern in English sources.
63. Lippe-Weißenfeld, Georg Ludwig (Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 8 (1878), p. 698 (in German).
64. König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen: T. M-See (1790), pp. 441–44 (in German).
65. Siebigk, Dietrich (Fürst von Anhalt-Dessau)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), pp. 172–75 (in German).
66. König, "Frederick William of Brandenburg-Schwedt", Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, Vol. 1 (1788), pp. 211–12 (in German).
67. König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, Vol. 1 (1788), p. 430 (in German).
68. König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, Vol. 1 (1788), p. 255 (in German).
69. Poten, "Neuwied, Karl Graf von Wied zu", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 23 (1886), pp. 558–59 (in German).
70. Ernst Friedländer, "Itzenplitz, August Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 14 (1881), pp. 648–49 (in German).
71. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Driesen, Georg Wilhelm von". , Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), pp. 410–11 (in German).
72. Poten, "Retzow, Wolf Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 28, pp. 277–78 (in German).
73. Poten, "Schwerin, Otto Magnus von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 33 (1891), pp. 425–26 (in German).
74. "Waldow, Arnold Christoph von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 40 (1896), pp. 720–21 (in German).
75. Julius Mebes, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Brandenburgisch-Preussischen Staates, 2 vols., Berlin: Lüderitz, 1861–1867, OCLC 54684371, Vol. 1, p. 397 (in German).
76. Poten, "Schoenaich-Carolath, Karl Friedrich Fürst von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 32 (1891), p. 256 (in German).
77. Gottfried von Bülow, "Bonin", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 3 (1876), pp. 127–28 (in German).
78. Poten, "Tresckow, Joachim Christian von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 38 (1894), pp. 576–77 (in German).
79. Poten, "Pennavaire, Peter von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 25 (1887), pp. 356–57.
80. Poten, "Lattorf, Christoph Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 19–20 (in German).
81. Poten, "Manteuffel, Heinrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 20 (1884), pp. 259–60 (in German).
82. Poten, "Krockow, Anton von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 17 (1883), pp. 174–75 (in German).
83. Poten, "Platen, Dubislaw von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 26 (1888), pp. 249–51 (in German).
84. Rudolf Falkmann, "Wilhelm (Graf von Schaumburg-Lippe)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 43 (1898), pp. 202–03 (in German).
85. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Gaudy, Friedrich Wilhelm von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 8 (1878), pp. 419–20 (in German).
86. Poten, "Wedell, Karl Heinrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 41 (1896), pp. 410–13 (in German).
87. Poten, "Wobersnow, Moritz Franz Kasimir von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 43 (1898), p. 700 (in German).
88. Poten, "Puttkamer, Georg Ludwig von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 26 (1888), pp. 777–79 (in German)
89. Poten, "Wakenitz, Wilhelm Dietrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 40 (1896), pp. 635–38 (in German).
90. Knights of Malta, Brandenburg, Johanniter-Ordensblatt: Amtliche Monatschrift der Balley Brandenburg, Volume 45, issue 52, 28 December 1904, p. 307 (in German).
91. Poten, "Moller, Karl Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 22 (1885), pp. 127–28.
92. Poten, "Lentulus, Rupert Scipio von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 18 (1883), pp. 267–68 (in German).
93. Poten, "Saldern, Christoph von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 30 (1890), pp. 211–13 (in German).
94. Poten, "Stutterheim, Joachim Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 37 (1894), pp. 74–75 (in German).
95. Poten, "Werner, Paul von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 42 (1897), pp. 63–66 (in German).
96. Albert Pfister, "Drei Schwaben in fremden Kriegsdiensten. Graf Harsch. Herwarth von Bittenfeld. Joh. Jak. Wunsch", Württembergische Neujahrsblätter 12 (1895), pp. 33–50 (in German).
97. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Bülow Christoph Karl von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 3 (1876), pp. 514–15 (in German).
98. Kurt von Priesdorff, Soldatisches Führertum Vol. 2, Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, [1937], OCLC 1070138416, pp. 100–01 (in German).
99. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Bredow, Asmus Ehrenreich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 3 (1876), p. 282 (in German).
100. Poten, "Krusemarck, Hans Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 17 (1883), p. 270 (in German).
101. Poten, "Möllendorff, Wichard von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 22 (1885), pp. 120–121 (in German).
102. Stephan Skalweit, "Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf (preußischer Graf 1786) von", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Volume 8 (1969), pp. 715–17 (in German).
103. Erich Döhring, "Cocceji, Samuel Freiherr von", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Volume 3 (1957), pp. 301–02 (in German).
104. Hans Reuther, "Knobelsdorff, Georg Wenceslaus", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Volume 12 (1979), pp. 191–93 (in German).
105. W. Schrader, "Wolff, Christian", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 44 (1898), pp.  12–28 (in German).
106. Eberhard Fromm, "Ramler, Karl Wilhelm", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Volume 21 (2003), p. 131 (in German).
107. Wilhelm Creizenach, "Gleim, Ludwig", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 9 (1879), pp. 228–33 (in German).
108. Daniel Jacoby, "Garve, Christian", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 8 (1878), pp. 385–92 (in German).
109. Rudolf Schwarze, "Kleist, Ewald Christian von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 16 (1882), pp. 113–21 (in German).
110. Lippe-Weißenfeld, "Domhardt, Johann Friedrich von", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 5 (1877), pp. 325–26 (in German).
111. Kurt Wölfel, "Gellert, Christian Fürchtegott", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Volume 6 (1964), pp. 174–75 (in German).
112. Reinhold Koser, "Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 20 (1884), pp. 691–93 (in German).
113. Jonathan I. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750, Oxford / New York: Oxford University, 2001, ISBN 9780198206088, p. i.
114. Theodor Hirsch, "Jordan, Charles Etienne", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 14 (1881), pp. 504–06.
115. Julius Vogel, "Winckelmann, Johann Joachim", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 43 (1898), pp. 343–62 (in German).
116. Franz Weinitz, "Pesne, Antoine", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Volume 25 (1887), pp. 430–32 (in German).
117. Georg Sello, Potsdam und Sans-Souci: Forschungen und Quellen zur Geschichte von Burg, Stadt und Park, Breslau: Schottlaender, 1888, OCLC 41962704, p. 133 (in German)
118. Gisold Lammel, Kunst im Aufbruch: Malerei, Graphik und Plastik zur Zeit Goethes, Stuttgart: Metzler, 1998, ISBN 9783476015945, p. 502 (in German).
119. Friedrich Benninghoven, Helmut Börsch-Supan and Iselin Gundermann, Friedrich der Grosse: Ausstellung des Geheimen Staatsarchivs Preussischer Kulturbesitz anlässlich des 200. Todestages König Friedrichs II. von Preussen, exhibition catalogue, Berlin: Nicolai, 1986, ISBN 9783875841725, p. 337 (in German).
120. Georg Hermann, Spaziergang in Potsdam: Nachricht aus einer versunkenen Stadt, Berlin: Christian Blöss, 2014, ISBN 9783934378544, p. 74, n. 44 (in German).
121. "Gutspark Dehlen", Ausflüge in Lützen und Umgebung, Town of Lützen, retrieved 28 January 2015 (in German).

Further information

• Jutta von Simson. Das Berliner Denkmal für Friedrich den Großen. Die Entwürfe als Spiegelung des preußischen Selbstverständnisses. Frankfurt/Berlin: Ullstein/Propyläen, 1976, ISBN 3-549-06619-8 (in German)
• Bloch, Peter; Grzimek, Waldemar (1978). Die Berliner Bildhauerschule im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Das klassische Berlin (in German). Berlin: Propyläen. ISBN 978-3-549-06631-7.
• Frank Pieter Hesse and Gesine Sturm (ed.). Ein Denkmal für den König. Das Reiterstandbild für Friedrich II. Unter den Linden in Berlin. Beiträge zur Denkmalpflege in Berlin 17. Berlin: Schelzky & Jeep, 2001, ISBN 978-3-89541-158-8 (German/English picture book)
• Wieland Giebel (ed.). Das Reiterdenkmal Friedrichs des Großen. Berlin: Story, 2007, ISBN 978-3-929829-69-3 (in German)
• Majestät reiten wieder Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, video on restoration completed in 2001, Mefisto Video GmbH (Windows Media Player) (in German)

52°31′02″N 13°23′34″E / 52.51722°N 13.39278°E / 52.51722; 13.39278