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List of famines

Depiction of victims of the Irish Great Famine, 1845–1852

List

Global famines history

See also

Main article lists

Other articles

References

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  53. ^ Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 99.
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  57. ^ "享保の大飢饉 江戸時代中期に起こった飢饉で、江戸四大飢饉（寛永・享保・天明・天保）の一つ。".
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  69. ^ Karlsson, Anders (2007). "Famine Relief, Social Order, and State Performance in Late Chosŏn Korea". Journal of Korean Studies. 12 (1): 114–116. doi:10.1353/jks.2007.0009. ISSN 2158-1665.
  70. ^ Carr, Raymond (2001), Spain: a history, Oxford University Press, p. 203, ISBN 978-0-19-280236-1
  71. ^ Reader, John (2005), Cities, Atlantic Monthly Press, p. 243, ISBN 978-0-87113-898-9
  72. ^ Ó Gráda 2009, p. 22.
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  75. ^ a b c d e O'Grada, as above.
  76. ^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. 486–87, 1 map, 552.
  77. ^ 이, 이소 (June 29, 2019). "1869년, 기사년의 조선인 탈출". www.ecumenian.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  78. ^ Seyf, Ahmad (2010), "Iran and the Great Famine, 1870–72", Middle East Studies, 46 (2), Taylor & Francis: 289–306, doi:10.1080/00263201003616584, S2CID 143872685
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  81. ^ The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic, 1878–80, Arctic Anthropology
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  87. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502), Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
  88. ^ Dyson 1991, p. 15.
  89. ^ "The terrible drought and famine of 1905 brought the strikes to an end….After the famine of 1905 anarchism seemed to disappear in the south of Spain. Only a few groups remained in the towns." Gerald Brenan, The Spanish Labyrinth.Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1990 (pp. 175, 178).
  90. ^ R. J. Harrison, "The Spanish Famine of 1904–1906". Agricultural History Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct., 1973), pp. 300–07
  91. ^ Harrison, Joseph; Hoyle, Alan (2000). Spain's 1898 crisis : regenerationism, modernism, post-colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5862-7. OCLC 44100623. A debilitating famine, caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906, bringing death and starvation to the South, raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region.
  92. ^ Penuel, K.; Statler, Matt (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. SAGE Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412994064. ISBN 9781412971010. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
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    • Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.–Iranian relations. New York: New Press, The. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-59558-826-5.
    • Katouzian, Homa (2013). Iran: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. p. 1934. ISBN 9781780742731.
    • Rubin, Barry (2015). The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture. Routledge. p. 508. ISBN 9781317455783.
  96. ^ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2003). The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917–1919. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761826330.
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  99. ^ Mizelle, Peter Christopher (2002), "Battle with famine" : Soviet relief and the Tatar Republic 1921-1922, University of Virginia, doi:10.18130/V37P8TC84, retrieved 2023-02-25
  100. ^ Wasyl, Veryha (1984). "Famine in Ukraine in 1921–1923 and the Soviet government's countermeasures". Nationalities Papers. 12 (2). District of Columbia, USA: 265–285. doi:10.1080/00905998408408001. S2CID 154189763.
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  102. ^ Daly, M. W. (2007). Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. p. 139.
  103. ^ Cameron, Sarah (2018). The Hungry Steppe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501730436.
  104. ^ a b Davies, R. W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010-01-20). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 415. doi:10.1057/9780230273979. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9. OCLC 649384703.
  105. ^ "Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
  106. ^ Famine in Spain During Franco's Dictatorship, 1939–52
  107. ^ Franco's Famine: Malnutrition, Disease and Starvation in Post-Civil War Spain
  108. ^ In the Warsaw Ghetto about 83,000 out of 470,000 inhabitants died between the end of 1940 and September 1942 (Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, Revised and Definitive Edition, 1985 by Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. New York, page 269). On August 24, 1942, after having decided that of the 1.5 Jews still alive in the General Government all but 300,000 working for the Germans would no longer be fed at all, Hans Frank noted by the way that 1.2 million Jews had been sentenced to die of hunger and that should the Jews not starve to death he hoped for a speeding up of anti-Jewish measures (Christian Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, Hamburger Edition, 1998, p. 220). The Belzec extermination camp, the Sobibor extermination camp and the Treblinka extermination camp were at the height of their activity in the months August, September and October 1942. In these three months alone, according to German historian Sara Berger (Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt-Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka, Hamburger Edition 2013, Table 2 on p. 254), at least 897,500 Jews were killed in these three camps – 352,100 in August, 255,500 in September and 289,900 in October.
  109. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2015-09-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  111. ^ This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid, Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417–418); various sources cited in Blockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110–113.
  112. ^ Hionidou, Violetta (2006). Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82932-8. OCLC 62532868.
  113. ^ Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe, by Robert Gildea, Anette Warring, Olivier Wieviorka, Berg Publishers 2007
  114. ^ Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
  115. ^ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
  116. ^ Alex J. Kay, Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. 2021 Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
  117. ^ Alexander Werth, Russia at War 1941-1945, 2000 Carroll & Graf Publishers New York, pages 607/608
  118. ^ Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 2004. P. 186
  119. ^ Alex J. Kay, Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. 2021 Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
  120. ^ Mohammad Gholi Majd: Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine; University Press of America, 2016.
  121. ^ Mary Fletcher: Famine in Arabia
  122. ^ Ulrike Freitag: Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland; BRILL, 2003. (p. 406)
  123. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
  124. ^ Geoffrey Gunn, The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal Volume 9 | Issue 5 | Number 4 | Article ID 3483 | Jan 24, 2011. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
  125. ^ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
  126. ^ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
  127. ^ The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics
  128. ^ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61333-1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  129. ^ Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (2013-10-10). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  130. ^ a b MENG, XIN; QIAN, NANCY; YARED, PIERRE (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  131. ^ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  132. ^ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 41262812. S2CID 141874259.
  133. ^ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
    For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link
  134. ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
  135. ^ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. p. 225.
  136. ^ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow, TIME
  137. ^ a b c d e f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
  138. ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780309073349. Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
  139. ^ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3. OCLC 24504262.
  140. ^ "A 'Silent' Famine Spreads Death in Southern Sudan : Africa: Bitter civil war, homelessness and disease in the remote area bring misery rivaling that of Somalia. - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 10 April 1993.
  141. ^ "Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997". PBS. Archived from the original on 1999-11-12.
  142. ^ [8] Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  143. ^ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  144. ^ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  145. ^ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  146. ^ Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018). "85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation". The New York Times.
  147. ^ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.
  148. ^ "Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers". The Globe and Mail. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
  149. ^ "Israel's war on Gaza updates: 'Over 1 million' flee Rafah as Israel attacks". Al Jazeera. 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  150. ^ "Famine in Sudan: IPC Famine Review Committee Confirms Famine Conditions in parts of North Darfur - Sudan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2024-08-01. Retrieved 2024-09-05.

Bibliography

External links