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Lattice tower

The Eiffel Tower, measuring 1,083 ft (330 m) from base to tip, is perhaps the most famous example of a lattice tower. It was built in 1889, and was the tallest man-made structure in the world until 1930.

A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding vertical framework tower. This construction is widely used in transmission towers carrying high-voltage electric power lines, in radio masts and towers (a self-radiating tower or as a support for aerials) and in observation towers. Its advantage is good shear strength at a much lower weight than a tower of solid construction would have as well as lower wind resistance.

In structural engineering, the term lattice tower is used for a freestanding structure, while a lattice mast is a guyed mast supported by guy lines. Lattices of triangular (three-sided) cross-section are most common, particularly in North America. Square (four-sided) lattices are also widely used and are most common in Eurasia. A lattice towers is often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure.

Before 1940, they were used as radio transmission towers especially for short and medium wave. Occasionally lattice towers consisting of wood were utilized. The tallest wooden lattice tower was at Mühlacker, Germany. It had a height of 190 metres (620 ft) and was built in 1934 and demolished in 1945. Most wood lattice towers were demolished before 1960. In Germany, the last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning. They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively.

The tallest free-standing lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree, with a height of 634 metres (2,080 ft). The Petronius Compliant Tower is the tallest supported lattice tower at 640 metres (2,100 ft), being partially submerged. The city most renowned for lattice towers is Cincinnati, Ohio, which features four towers above 900 feet in height. Tokyo is the only other city in the world that has more than one above that height.

The majority of the tallest steel lattice towers in the world are actually built in water and used as oil platforms. These structures are usually built in large pieces on land, most commonly in Texas or Louisiana, and then moved by barge to their final resting place. Since a large portion of these towers is underwater, the official height of such structures is often held in dispute. The steel lattice truss for these structures, known as jackets in the oil industry, are typically far more robust and reinforced than their land-based counterparts, sometimes weighing more than 50,000 tons as is the case for the Bullwinkle and Baldpate platforms, whereas tall (above 1,000 feet) land-based lattice towers range from a high of 10,000 tons as is the case in the Eiffel Tower to as low as a few hundred tons. They are built to a higher standard to support the weight of the oil platforms built on top of them and because of the forces to which they are subjected. As a result, the cost to build these structures can run into the hundreds of millions. These costs are justified due to the resulting oil and gas revenues, whereas land-based towers have a much lower stream of revenue and therefore the capital costs of towers are typically much less.

Tokyo Skytree, the tallest lattice tower in the world since its completion in 2012
The Tokyo Tower was the tallest lattice tower in the world for 16 years, from 1957 to 1973, and remains the tallest four-sided lattice tower.
The WITI TV Tower is the tallest lattice tower in the United States and the tallest three-sided lattice tower in the world.
Dragon Tower, the tallest observation and radio lattice tower in China, features a solid core, the most common design for tall lattice towers built in China.
An 800-foot-long fixed steel jacket (lattice) oil platform
A 250 m (820 ft)-long section of the Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform, which accounts for only about half the overall height of the structure

Timeline of world's tallest lattice tower

Since end of the 19th century, tall lattice towers were built. Lattice towers have even held the absolute height record. They are among the tallest free-standing architectural structures and hold a number of national records, such as the tallest free-standing or even overall tallest structure of a country.

Land record, iron and steel towers

Land record, wood towers

Steel lattice towers

Tallest lattice towers, all types

List of all supertall lattice tower structures in the world.

Lattice towers with observation decks

  indicates a structure that is no longer standing.

Radio tower carrying aerials

List of radio tower above 150 m / 500 ft in height.

  indicates a structure that is no longer standing.
  indicates a structure that has had a change in height or has been rebuilt.

Star Tower, example of a Landmark tower
Moscow Octod Tower, example of a Hyperboloid lattice tower
Zhuzhou Television Tower, example of a lattice tower with a solid core, nearly a dozen of which were built in China throughout the 90's
Sutro Tower, a well-known San Francisco landmark featuring an uncommon 3-legged design
Wavre Transmitter features an unusual design that uses a guyed upper section to hold the transmitter in place
example of a 3803 KM tower, a very common 4-sided lattice tower design developed in the Soviet Union. About 80 of these were built in nearly every large city from 1956 to 1967
example of a Annapolis type military-use lattice tower, the US Navy built over 40 of these from 1914 to 1922 and 1936-1938
example of a typical commercial-use 3-sided lattice tower, thousands of which have been built throughout North America, over 100 of which are on the list. Many different truss patterns are used but the general design is largely similar

Electrical Pylons

List of Electrical pylons above 150 m / 500 ft in height.

View of one of the Jiangyin lattice towers, the third tallest set of Electrical pylons in the world
Pylons of Messina formerly connected Europe to Africa, an underwater cable is used today
Elbe Crossing 2 the tallest Electrical pylons in Germany
Chūshi Powerline Crossing the tallest Electrical pylons in Japan
400 kV Thames Crossing the tallest Electrical pylons in the United Kingdom

Wind turbines

The Nowy Tomyśl Wind Turbines

Tall wind turbines supported by lattice tallest have been built almost exclusively in Germany, one of the first countries in the world to build wide spread renewable power resources. The total height includes the lattice tower and the wind turbine rotor at peak height.

List of wind turbines with a lattice tower above 150 m / 500 ft in height.

Chimneys/Smokestacks

Three lattice stacks located at the Kashima Power Station

The majority of tall lattice chimneys in the world are located in Japan. Unlike other modern developed countries which use reinforced concrete to build tall chimneys Japan has historically used steel until recently for chimney construction.

List of lattice stacks above 150 m/492 ft in height.
  indicates a structure that is no longer standing.

Oil Platforms

List of oil platforms with a steel jacket above 300 m / 1000 ft in height.

Jackup Rigs

List of jackup rigs above 150 m (490 ft) in height.

Pillars of aerial tramways

Rides

List of amusement park rides that make use of a steel lattice tower above 100 m / 328 ft in height.

Monuments

Lighthouses

The Duga radar array

Other uses

Wooden lattice towers

Radio Tower Gliwice is the tallest wooden lattice tower in the world

Existing towers

Destroyed Wooden lattice towers

Tallest lattice towers, by design type

List of the tallest lattice towers by common(min 5) design types.

Unique lattice tower designs. Minimum height of 120 m / 400 ft.
  indicates a structure that is no longer standing.

Hyperboloid structures

Landmark towers

Blaw-Knox towers

Top guyed lattice towers

See also

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