Russian federal highways (Russian: автомобильные дороги федерального значения Российской Федерации, romanized: avtomobil’nyye dorogi federal’nogo znacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; lit. highways of federal importance of the Russian Federation) are the most important highways in Russia that are federal property. The following motorways are designated as federal.[1][2]
All highways
that connect Moscow with the capitals of the neighbouring countries and with the administrative centres of the subjects of the Russian Federation. They are identified by the prefix "M" in the national route signs;
that are parts of the international road networks: European and Asian, identified by prefixes "E" and "AH" in the international route signs used simultaneously with the national route signs.
Some highways
that connect administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation with each other (national route sign prefix "P," which is the Cyrillic "R")
that are branching and bridging roads (national prefix "A"):
access roads that lead to major transportation nodes and special objects
access roads from the administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation which has no highway connection with Moscow to the nearest sea and river ports and to the international borders.
which interlink other federal highways.
The federal highways are classified in Russia into two categories:
"motorways/Avtomagistral" (Russian: магистральная автомобильная дорога, автомагистраль), not the same as the English term motorway
"other".
Roads of regional and intermunicipal importance
The local importance roads in Russia are designated with a letter prefix and a number as well as the OKATO (Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления, Russian classification on objects of administrative division) code for the region.
These roads use the following prefixes:
P: Highways of federal or regional significance connecting the administrative centers of the Russian Federation
A: Highways that are branching and bridging roads:
access roads that lead to major transportation nodes and special objects
access roads from the administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation which has no highway connection with Moscow to the nearest sea and river ports and to the international borders
A-115: Route M10 to Novaya Ladoga; downgraded to 49K-05
A-117: Opochka to the border with Belarus; downgraded to 58K-284
A-122 "Vyborg Highway": Pargolovo - Ogonki; downgraded to 41A-180 in 2020
A-128: Saint Petersburg - Vsevolozhsk - Mor'ye; downgraded to 41K-064
A-131: Access roads from route A130 to "Arkhangelsk" holiday resort, "Voskresenskoe" household plot and "Desna" sanatorium and holiday resort; designation cancelled in 2013 and transferred to state ownership
A-138: Murmansk - Sputnik - Pechenga, became a portion of M18 (now R21) in 2003
A-141: Bryansk - Smolensk to the border with Belarus (on to Rudnev, Vitebsk); entrance to the city of Smolensk; now part of R120
A-143: Tambov - Morshansk - Shatsk
A-144: Kursk - Voronezh - Borisoglebsk to route M6; redesignated as R298 and R22 in 2018
A-148: Route M27 to Krasnaya Polyana; redesignated as A149
A-153: Nytva - Kudymkar; former R344, absorbed into the R243 in 2023
A-154: Astrakhan - Elista - Stavropol; redesignated as R216 in 2018
A-156: Lermontov - Cherkessk; redesignated as A165 in 2018
A-164: Kultuk - Mondy to the border with Mongolia; redesignated as A333 in 2010
A-165: Route R297 (Ulan-Ude) - Kyakhta to the border with Mongolia; redesignated as A340 in 2018
A-166: Chita-Zabaikalsk to the border with the People's Republic of China; redesignated as A350 in 2018
A-181: Route A370 – Rudnaya Pristan; redesignated as 05N-100 in 2018
Ufa–Orenburg and the Ufa western bypass (published December 24, 2008, to be in force since January 1, 2010)[3]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Highways in Russia.
^A February 7, 2007 order of the Russian Ministry of Transportation about highway ID numbers (Приказ Министерства транспорта Российской Федерации (Минтранс России) от 7 февраля 2007 г. N 16 г. Москва "Об утверждении Правил присвоения автомобильным дорогам идентификационных номеров") (in Russian)
^A Russian decree of December 24 1991 about the list of federal highways (RSFSR), with subsequent amendments by the Russian Federation (Постановление Правительства РСФСР от 24 декабря 1991 г. N 62 "Об утверждении перечней федеральных дорог в РСФСР" (in Russian)
^"Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 8, 2008 N 920 Moscow "On Amending the Decree of the Government of the RSFSR of December 24, 1991 N 62"". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 24 December 2008.