stringtranslate.com

List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans

This list ranks the world's cable-stayed bridges by the length of main span, i.e. the distance between the suspension towers. The length of the main span is the most common way to rank cable-stayed bridges. If one bridge has a longer span than another, it does not mean that the bridge is the longer from shore to shore, or from anchorage to anchorage. However, the size of the main span does often correlate with the height of the towers, and the engineering complexity involved in designing and constructing the bridge.

Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans are generally more complex, and bridges of this type generally represent a more notable engineering achievement, even where their spans are shorter.

Cable-stayed bridges have the second-longest spans, after suspension bridges, of bridge types. They are practical for spans up to around 1 kilometre (0.6 mi). The Russky Bridge over the Eastern Bosphorus in Vladivostok, Russia, with its 1,104 metres (3,622 ft) span, has the longest span of any cable-stayed bridge, displacing the former record holder, the Sutong Bridge over the Yangtze River in the People's Republic of China 1,088 metres (3,570 ft) on 12 April 2012.[citation needed]

Completed cable-stayed bridges

This list of largest cable-stayed bridges includes all bridges with a main span of at least 500 metres (1,640 ft) in length. This list only includes bridges that carry vehicular traffic, such as automobiles or trains. It does not include suspension bridges, footbridges or pipeline bridges.

Cable-stayed bridges under construction

Planned and proposed bridges

Longest cable-stayed bridge decks

The definition of cable-stayed bridge deck length used here is: A continuous part of the bridge deck that is supported only by stay-cables and pylons, or are free spans. This means that columns supporting the side span as for example found in Pont de Normandie, excludes most of the side span decks from the cable-stayed deck length.

There are some bridges with long bridge decks whose span lengths have not been published, and therefore are missing. Extradosed bridges are not included. The thirty longest decks are:

Timeline of world record lengths

Many early suspension bridges included cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh Abbey Bridge, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge, London (1872), and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge. Albert Caquot's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development.[102] The steel-decked Strömsund Bridge designed by Franz Dischinger (1956) is therefore more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.[103]

This list tracks the bridge having the longest cable-stayed main span through time.

This list may be incomplete and detailed sources for pre-modern cable-stayed bridges may not be available, so the timeline might not be accurate.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Russky Bridge (Vladivostok, 2012)". structurae.net.
  2. ^ "Husutong Yangtze River Bridge (Nantong, 2020)". structurae.net.
  3. ^ a b "Sutong Bridge (Suzhou, 2008)". structurae.net.
  4. ^ "Stonecutters Bridge (Tsing Yi, 2009)". structurae.net.
  5. ^ "Edong Yangtze River Bridge (Huangshi, 2010)". structurae.net.
  6. ^ a b "Tatara Bridge (Ikuchi/Ohmishima, 1999)". structurae.net.
  7. ^ a b "Normandy Bridge (Le Havre/Honfleur, 1995)". structurae.net.
  8. ^ "Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge (Jiujiang, 2013)". structurae.net.
  9. ^ "Jingyue Yangtze River Bridge (Hubei/Hunan, 2010)". structurae.net.
  10. ^ "Incheon Bridge (Incheon, 2009)". structurae.net.
  11. ^ "Zolotoy Rog Bridge (Vladivostok, 2012)". structurae.net.
  12. ^ "Chongming North Bridge (Shanghai, 2009)". structurae.net.
  13. ^ "Duge Bridge (Liupanshui, 2016)". structurae.net.
  14. ^ "Minpu Bridge (Shanghai, 2010)". structurae.net.
  15. ^ "Queensferry Crossing (Queensferry/North Queensferry, 2017)". structurae.net.
  16. ^ "Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge (Nanjing, 2005)". structurae.net.
  17. ^ "Wangdong Bridge (Anhui, 2016)". structurae.net.
  18. ^ "Tongling Road-Rail Bridge (Tongling, 2015)". structurae.net.
  19. ^ "Second Nanjing Yangtse River Bridge (Nanjing, 2001)". structurae.net.
  20. ^ "Jintang Bridge (Ningbo/Zhoushan, 2009)". structurae.net.
  21. ^ "Baishazhou Yangtze River Bridge (Wuhan, 2000)". structurae.net.
  22. ^ "Erqi Yangtze River Bridge (Wuhan, 2011)". structurae.net.
  23. ^ "Qingzhou Minjiang Bridge (Fuzhou, 2002)". structurae.net.
  24. ^ a b "Yangpu Bridge (Shanghai, 1993)". structurae.net.
  25. ^ "Xupu Bridge (Shanghai, 1997)". structurae.net.
  26. ^ "Meiko-Chuo Bridge (Nagoya, 1998)". structurae.net.
  27. ^ "Taoyaomen Bridge (Zhoushan, 2003)". structurae.net.
  28. ^ "Anqing Yangtze River Rail Bridge (Anqing, 2015)". structurae.net.
  29. ^ "Huanggang Bridge (Hubei, 2014)". structurae.net.
  30. ^ "Rion-Antirion Bridge (Rion/Antirion, 2004)". structurae.net.
  31. ^ "中铁宝桥承建的青海海黄大桥合龙". Gcb.crec.cn (in Chinese). 11 January 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  32. ^ "Cuu Long Bridge (Cần Thơ, 2009)". structurae.net.
  33. ^ "Bukhang Bridge (Busan, 2014)". structurae.net.
  34. ^ "La Pepa Bridge (Cádiz, 2015)". structurae.net.
  35. ^ a b "Skarnsund Bridge (Inderøy, 1991)". structurae.net.
  36. ^ "Atlantic Bridge (Colón, 2019)". structurae.net.
  37. ^ "Baluarte Bridge (Durango/Sinaloa, 2012)". structurae.net.
  38. ^ "Huangyi Bridge (Luzhou, 2012)". structurae.net.
  39. ^ "Queshi Bridge (Shantou, 1999)". structurae.net.
  40. ^ "Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge (Yokohama, 1994)". structurae.net.
  41. ^ "Anqing Yangtze River Road Bridge (Anqing, 2004)". structurae.net.
  42. ^ "Tianxingzhou Bridge (Wuhan, 2009)". structurae.net.
  43. ^ "Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge (Jingzhou, 2002)". structurae.net.
  44. ^ "Kanchanaphisek Bridge (Bangkok, 2007)". structurae.net.
  45. ^ "Sungai Johor Bridge (Johor Bahru, 2011)". structurae.net.
  46. ^ "Newcastle Bridge (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1871)". structurae.net.
  47. ^ "Järnbron (Uppsala, 1848)". structurae.net.
  48. ^ "Bluff Dale Bridge (Bluff Dale, 1891)". structurae.net.
  49. ^ "Kaihihi Stream Bridge (Okato, 1914)". structurae.net.
  50. ^ "Tauranga Bridge (Opotiki, 1922)". structurae.net.
  51. ^ "Tempul Aqueduct (Jerez de la Frontera, 1926)". structurae.net.
  52. ^ "Donzère-Mondragon Bridge (Pierrelatte, 1952)". structurae.net.
  53. ^ "Strömsund Bridge (Strömsund, 1955)". structurae.net.
  54. ^ "Theodor Heuss Bridge (Düsseldorf-Golzheim/Düsseldorf-Niederkassel, 1957)". structurae.net.
  55. ^ "Severin Bridge (Cologne, 1959)". structurae.net.
  56. ^ "Rheinkniebrücke (Düsseldorf-Unterbilk/Düsseldorf-Oberkassel, 1969)". structurae.net.
  57. ^ "Duisburg-Neuenkamp Bridge (Duisburg, 1971)". structurae.net.
  58. ^ "Saint-Nazaire Bridge (Saint-Nazaire/Montoir-de-Bretagne, 1975)". structurae.net.
  59. ^ "Engineer Carlos Fernández Casado Bridge (Pobladura de Luna/Los Barrios de Luna, 1983)". structurae.net.
  60. ^ "Alex Fraser Bridge (Annacis, 1986)". structurae.net.
  1. ^ a b Zhang, Yezhi; Li, Quan; Zhang, Xiaolong (July 2016). Research on mechanical behavior of new type box girder-truss composite welded integral joints of Husutong Yangtze river rail-cum-road bridge (PDF) (in Chinese). Jrse.cn - Journal of Railway Science and Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  2. ^ "Shanghai-Nantong Yangtze River Bridge - Doka".
  3. ^ a b "嘉鱼长江公路大桥". Hubei.gov.cn (in Chinese). 29 December 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  4. ^ a b "挑战天堑——记建设中的池州长江大桥". Anhui-highway.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  5. ^ a b "湖北省交通投资有限公司参加长江大桥项目投资建设人投标合作单位遴选公告". Hbggzy.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  6. ^ "武穴大桥通车首日万余车辆"尝鲜" 市民感受"5分钟过江"". m.cnhubei.com. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  7. ^ a b "芜湖长江公路二桥塔梁斜置阻尼器采购招标公告". Anhui-highway.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  8. ^ Sakowski, Eric. "Yachi Bridge". HighestBridges.com. HighestBridges.com wiki. Retrieved 31 January 2015.[unreliable source?]
  9. ^ "Xiamen-Zhangzhou cross-sea bridge in China to open in 2013". WorldConstructionNetwork.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  10. ^ Dunkou Bridge at Structurae. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  11. ^ ""世界之最"特大桥跨越丹江口水库!十淅高速公路(湖北段)正式通车_建设_施工_项目". society.sohu.com. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  12. ^ "万州长江三桥建设进展顺利". Brdi.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  13. ^ "湖北赤壁长江公路大桥今日0时通车_设计". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  14. ^ ""广东斜拉第一桥"江顺大桥主跨合龙 预计明年6月通车". Gd.chinanews.com (in Chinese). 7 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  15. ^ "宁波象山港跨海大桥将试运营通车". Gov.cn (in Chinese). 28 December 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  16. ^ "福州琅岐闽江大桥". Csnec.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  17. ^ "重庆丰都长江二桥顺利实现通车". Cq.gov.cn (in Chinese). 25 January 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  18. ^ "安九铁路鳊鱼洲长江大桥大堤防护桩施工过半-中铁大桥局集团第五工程有限公司". www.mbec5.com.cn.
  19. ^ "即将通车的白居寺长江大桥 对于重庆究竟有多重要?". m.gmw.cn. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  20. ^ "新鸭绿江大桥面临朝方设施未备困境 或推迟开通". Rfa.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  21. ^ "永川长江大桥工程". Fheb-xm.com (in Chinese). 14 December 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  22. ^ 推广 (2020-12-24). "喜大普奔,长江五桥正式通车,江北迎来高光时刻!". finance.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  23. ^ "gzcankao.com". www.gzcankao.com.
  24. ^ "商合杭铁路芜湖长江公铁大桥建设进展顺利". Brdi.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  25. ^ Sakowski, Eric. "Liuguanghe Bridge Xiqian". HighestBridges.com. HighestBridges.com wiki. Retrieved 31 January 2017.[unreliable source?]
  26. ^ "45分钟→5分钟!广州南沙红莲大桥正式通车". td.gd.gov.cn. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  27. ^ "四川南溪仙源长江公路大桥通车 结束千年摆渡过江历史". www.chinanews.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  28. ^ "108线禹门口黄河公路大桥正式通车运营_韩城". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  29. ^ "遵义至余庆县的遵余高速召开乌江、湘江特大桥施工图设计审查会". 雪花新闻. 2018-08-02. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  30. ^ "遵余高速瓮安段 湘江特大桥建设如火如荼_腾讯视频". v.qq.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  31. ^ "福州绕城A5长门特大桥北塔"塔梁墩固结段"顺利浇筑完成_中交一公局厦门工程有限公司". Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
  32. ^ "主通道主通航孔桥施工转入"可视化"阶段_宁波舟山港". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  33. ^ 中国新闻网 (2021-01-18). "福建沙埕湾跨海公路通道正式通车 总投资逾42亿元". news.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  34. ^ "平潭海峡公铁两用大桥主墩基础施工进展顺利". Brdi.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  35. ^ "Pingtan Haixia Rail-Road Bridge to open in 2019". english.pingtan.gov.cn.
  36. ^ "VINCI completes construction of Atlantic Bridge in Panama". www.roadtraffic-technology.com.
  37. ^ "今天,江门段全线通车!江门深圳即将实现"一小时生活圈"!现在还免费通行……_公路_建设_全线贯通". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  38. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ^ "宜宾临港长江公铁大桥通车-中国科技网". m.stdaily.com. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  40. ^ "泸州神臂城长江大桥通车,创下一项世界第一! - 川观新闻". cbgc.scol.com.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  41. ^ "四川:纳溪长江大桥正式通车-新华网". www.sc.news.cn. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  42. ^ "湖北襄阳:襄北编组站大桥正式通车-新华每日电讯". www.news.cn. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  43. ^ "荆州长江公铁特大桥合龙 我国首条跨江重载铁路武汉造". News.cnhubei.com (in Chinese). December 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  44. ^ Man-Cheol Kim; Du-Hyeun Kim; Myeong-Su Choi; Kyung-Sik Cho; Ji-San Kim; Jae-Joong Lee. Design of FCM-Anchored Hybrid Cable-Stayed Bridge in Saecheonnyeon LOT1 (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  45. ^ "Home". www.mageba-group.com.
  46. ^ Sakowski, Eric. "Hongshuihe Bridge Huiluo". HighestBridges.com. HighestBridges.com wiki. Retrieved 31 January 2017.[unreliable source?]
  47. ^ Construction of a by-pass road which links the Goha and Jukgyo Dong in Mokpo District (PDF) (in Korean). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  48. ^ "Bridge connecting Dolsan & Hwatae Island: Application of HSB500". news.LongSpanBridge.org (in Korean). March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  49. ^ ""珠海第一跨"洪鹤大桥通车_央广网". www.cnr.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  50. ^ "上坝夹江大桥(浦仪公路西段)正式通车_南京信息_南京市人民政府". www.nanjing.gov.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  51. ^ Gi-Weon Gang; In-Hwan Seo; Sang Rok Park; Woon Jeong; Kun-Young Park; Gi-Nam Kim. A Case Study on Caisson Foundation Construction of Hwayang Bridge (PDF) (in Korean). Magazine of the Korean Society of Steel Construction. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  52. ^ "湖南省桥隧比例最高的高速公路明日通车_腾讯新闻". new.qq.com. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  53. ^ "常泰过江通道 环境影响报告书 (全本公示本)" (PDF). jshbgz.cn (in Chinese). April 2018.
  54. ^ "常泰过江通道昨天开建,将创下3个"世界第一"!--扬子晚报网". www.yangtse.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  55. ^ "荆州"两桥一路"开工!刷新两个"世界第一",松滋迎重大利好- 松滋市人民政府网". www.hbsz.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  56. ^ "这座长江公铁大桥今日开工!". news.sina.com.cn. 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  57. ^ "Nanpanjiang Bridge Puzhehei".
  58. ^ 网易 (2022-03-20). "期待已久!刚刚,当枝松高速公路开工". www.163.com. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  59. ^ "省内跨度最大斜拉桥中山开建_政务频道_中山网". www.zsnews.cn. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  60. ^ Molnar, Dale (November 30, 2022). "Gordie Howe Bridge completion date likely in 2025, later than initial estimates: officials". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  61. ^ "Gordie Howe bridge will be the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America". 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  62. ^ Gallagher, John (July 17, 2018). "Gov. Snyder on Gordie Howe bridge start today: 'We need this bridge'". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  63. ^ "深圳至江门高速铁路正式开工建设-中国科技网". www.stdaily.com. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  64. ^ www.toutiao.com https://www.toutiao.com/article/7161352881470177832/?channel=&source=search_tab. Retrieved 2022-11-05. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  65. ^ a b "黄茅海跨海通道正式开工-新华网". www.gd.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  66. ^ "重磅!福州机场第二高速公路动建! -社会 - 东南网". fjnews.fjsen.com. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  67. ^ "宁象市域(郊)铁路象山港跨海大桥南侧主桥正式开工". 中国交通报. 2023-02-09.
  68. ^ "金沙江特大桥动工,昭乐高速2024年连通". www.ztnews.net. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  69. ^ "世界跨度最大公铁合建大桥今天开工-科技新闻-中国科技网首页". www.stdaily.com. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  70. ^ "工地上的河照样能钓鱼". En.ccccltd.cn (in Chinese). 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  71. ^ "顺兴大桥建设进度3_南国". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  72. ^ "2024年建成通车,武忻高速黔江特大桥建设加快_腾讯新闻". new.qq.com. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
  73. ^ "重庆又一座跨江大桥 涪陵石沱长江大桥开工". cq.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  74. ^ "津潍高铁东营黄河公铁大桥工程设计方案正式确定_0546房产网 手机版". m.0546fdc.com. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  75. ^ "津潍高铁控制性工程东营黄河公铁大桥正式进入施工建设阶段". news.lznews.cn. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
  76. ^ "深中通道中山大桥西主塔封顶-新华网". www.gd.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  77. ^ ""佛山第一桥"富龙西江特大桥动工 ,预计2022年底完工". 佛山日报.
  78. ^ "世界最长跨径悬浇拱桥动工 古金高速四川段建设全面铺开". sc.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  79. ^ "九龙半岛和茶园片区 将有黄桷坪大桥连接". Cqwb.com.cn (in Chinese). 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  80. ^ "현대건설(주), 고덕대교 건설현장". kroad.or.kr Korean Road Association (in Korean).
  81. ^ 网易 (2021-12-20). "拿下全国首例!四川泸州榕山长江大桥建设进度已刷新". www.163.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  82. ^ "南中高速将与深中通道无缝对接,洪奇门特大桥主墩建设进入可视化施工_中铁大桥局". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  83. ^ "安罗高速黄河大桥主墩开钻,将成为黄河最高、最长桥_腾讯新闻". new.qq.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  84. ^ Ramirez, Chris. "Here's why TxDOT suspended design work on Harbor Bridge project". Caller-Times.
  85. ^ "琼州海峡公铁两用通道". Brdi.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  86. ^ "T.Y. Lin International Wins Detailed Design Engineering Bid for Bataan-Cavite Interlink Bridge in the Philippines". T.Y. Lin International Group. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  87. ^ "T.Y. Lin International wins program management contract for 4th bridge over the Panama Canal". T.Y. Lin International Group. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  88. ^ Rengui, Wang; Daojin, Lin. "The Design and Construction for Steel Box Girder of Jiashao Bridge". Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  89. ^ "Chiffres clés". leViaducdeMillau.com (in French). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  90. ^ "Design & Construction". Gefyra.gr. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  91. ^ Zhou, Lingyu; Li, Huayong; Wei, Jun; Pu, Xingxu; Mahunon, Akim D.; Jiang, Liqiang (2020-06-30). "Design and Simulation Analysis of a New Type of Assembled UHPC Collision Avoidance". Applied Sciences. 10 (13): 4555. doi:10.3390/app10134555. ISSN 2076-3417.
  92. ^ Wang, Feng (November 21, 2011). "Study on Space Nonlinear FE Model of Composite Beam Cable-Stayed Bridge with Three Towers". Applied Mechanics and Materials. 90–93: 975–978. Bibcode:2011AMM....90..975W. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.90-93.975. S2CID 110853438 – via www.scientific.net.
  93. ^ "Pingtang Bridge plan". Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  94. ^ "General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge (Maracaibo, 1962)". structurae.net.
  95. ^ "世界最大哑铃型承台首层混凝土浇筑完成". Ztmbec.com - China Railway Major Bridge Engireering Group Co., LTD (in Chinese). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  96. ^ "万方数据知识服务平台". d.wanfangdata.com.cn.
  97. ^ "Vortex-Induced Vibration Optimization of a Wide Streamline Box Girder by Wind Tunnel Test".
  98. ^ "Jingyue Bridge plan". Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  99. ^ "白居寺长江大桥桥塔基础工程完工". Yfygq.com (in Chinese). 9 January 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  100. ^ Construction Perspectives of Yangtze River Bridges in Jiangsu Province Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ^ 湖北省交通投资有限公司 (2014-04-15). "湖北省交通投资有限公司参加长江大桥项目投资建设人投标合作单位遴选公告". 湖北省公共资源交易信息网. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2014-07-01.
  102. ^ Troyano, Leonardo (2003). Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective. Thomas Telford. pp. 650–652. ISBN 0-7277-3215-3.
  103. ^ The Design of Modern Steel Bridges, p. 183, Chapter 7: Cable-stayed Bridges.
  104. ^ "Old Redheugh Bridge 1, Newcastle". BridgesOnTheTyne.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  105. ^ "Järnbron". Wikimapia.org. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  106. ^ "Kaihihi Stream Bridge - 1913-14". Ketenewplymouth.peoplesnetworknz.info. Retrieved 31 January 2017.

Further reading

External links