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List of the most intense tropical cyclones

Taken by various of satellites throughout the modern era, these are the most intense tropical cyclones in each basin. Out of all these tropical cyclones, Typhoon Tip had the lowest atmospheric pressure measured in a tropical cyclone, at 870 mbar (25.69 inHg). It is the third image in the first row.

Winds are often used to measure intensity as they commonly cause notable impacts over large areas, and most popular tropical cyclone scales are organized around sustained wind speeds. However, variations in the averaging period of winds in different basins make inter-comparison difficult. In addition, other impacts like rainfall, storm surge, area of wind damage, and tornadoes can vary significantly in storms with similar wind speeds. Pressure is often used to compare tropical cyclones because the measurements are easier and use consistent methodology worldwide, in contrast to difficult-to-estimate maximum sustained winds whose measurement methods vary widely. Tropical cyclones can attain some of the lowest pressures over large areas on Earth. However, although there is a strong connection between lowered pressures and higher wind speeds, storms with the lowest pressures may not have the highest wind speeds, as each storm's relationship between wind and pressure is slightly different.[1]

In the most recent and reliable records, most tropical cyclones which attained a pressure of 900 hPa (mbar) (26.56 inHg) or less have occurred in the Western North Pacific Ocean. The strongest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, as measured by minimum central pressure, was Typhoon Tip, which reached a pressure of 870 hPa (25.69 inHg) on October 12, 1979.[2] Furthermore, on October 23, 2015, Hurricane Patricia attained the strongest 1-minute sustained winds on record at 185 knots (95 m/s; 215 mph; 345 km/h).[3]

The data below are subdivided by basin. Data listed are provided by the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre, unless otherwise noted.

North Atlantic Ocean

The most intense storm in the North Atlantic by lowest pressure was Hurricane Wilma. The strongest storm by 1-minute sustained winds was Hurricane Allen.

Storms which reached a minimum central pressure of 920 millibars (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information has been compiled back to 1851, though measurements were rarer until aircraft reconnaissance started in the 1940s, and inexact estimates were still predominant until dropsondes were implemented in the 1970s.[4]

Eastern Pacific Ocean

The most intense storm in the Eastern Pacific Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was Hurricane Patricia. Its sustained winds of 345 km/h (215 mph) are also the highest on record globally.

Storms with a minimum central pressure of 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1949, and most storms since are only estimated because landfalls (and related reconnaissance) are less common in this basin.[6]

Western Pacific Ocean

The most intense storm by lowest pressure and peak 10-minute sustained winds was Typhoon Tip, which was also the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of minimum central pressure.

Storms with a minimum pressure of 899 hPa (26.55 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1950.[6]

North Indian Ocean

The most intense tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean by both sustained winds and central pressure was the 1999 Odisha cyclone, with 3-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a minimum pressure of 912 hPa (26.93 inHg).

Storms with an intensity of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) or less are listed.

South-West Indian Ocean

The most intense tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Gafilo. By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean was Cyclone Fantala.

Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985.[6]

Australian region

The most intense tropical cyclone(s) in the Australian Region were cyclones Gwenda and Inigo. By 10-minute sustained wind speed, the strongest were Cyclone Orson, Cyclone Monica and Cyclone Marcus.

Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed. Storm information was less reliably documented and recorded before 1985.[6]

South Pacific Ocean

A total of 16 cyclones are listed down below reaching/surpassing an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg), with most of them occurring during El Niño seasons. Tropical cyclones that have been recorded since the start of the 1969–70 Tropical Cyclone year and have reached their peak intensity to the west of 160E are included in the list. The most intense tropical cyclone in the south Pacific, Cyclone Winston of 2016, is also the most intense storm in the Southern Hemisphere.

Storms with an intensity of 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) or less are listed.

South Atlantic Ocean

Hurricane Catarina near peak intensity

Until recently, it was not known that tropical cyclones could exist in the southern Atlantic. However, Hurricane Catarina in 2004, to date the only hurricane in the south Atlantic, brought additional review. A subsequent study found that there was an average of 1–2 subtropical or tropical cyclones per year in the Southern Atlantic in recent decades.[30]No official database of South Atlantic cyclones exists, but a partial list of notable tropical and subtropical systems is listed.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Officially listed by the BoM as 914 mbar, pending review.

References

  1. ^ Kossin, James (February 2015). "Hurricane Wind–Pressure Relationship and Eyewall Replacement Cycles". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (1): 177–181. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..177K. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00121.1. S2CID 123146418.
  2. ^ Dunnavan, George M; Diercks, John W (November 1, 1980). "An Analysis of Super Typhoon Tip (October 1979)". Monthly Weather Review. 108 (11): 1915–1923. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108.1915D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1915:AAOSTT>2.0.CO;2.
  3. ^ Sanchez, Ray (October 23, 2015). "Hurricane Patricia weakens, but still 'extremely dangerous'". CNN. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  4. ^ http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/rpibook-final04.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  5. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b c d "ATCR report plan". www.usno.navy.mil. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  7. ^ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ C. L. Jordan (September 1959). "A Reported Sea Level Pressure of 877 MB" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87 (9): 365–366. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..365J. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1959)087<0365:wnarsl>2.0.co;2. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  9. ^ "Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951–2024". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2010-01-13. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
  10. ^ Pant, P S; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R (1980). "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1977" (PDF). Mausam. 31 (3): 337–356. doi:10.54302/mausam.v31i3.3533. S2CID 246784388.
  11. ^ a b Srinivasan, V; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R. "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1978" (PDF). Mausam. 31 (4): 495–506. doi:10.54302/mausam.v31i4.3444. S2CID 246781079.
  12. ^ Mukherjee, A K; Ramakrishnan, A R; Jamdunathan, R (1981). "Cyclones and Depressions over the Indian Seas in 1979" (PDF). Mausam. 32 (2): 115–126. doi:10.54302/mausam.v32i2.3398. S2CID 246848511.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "IMD Best track data 1982-2022" (xls). India Meteorological Department. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  14. ^ "Cyclone Damia Best track". Météo-France. 2001-05-16. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  15. ^ a b La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1993–1994 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. pp. 42, 65. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  16. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1994–1995 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 67. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  17. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1995–1996 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 25. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  18. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1996–1997 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 33. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  19. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2001). Cyclone Season 1999–2000 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 72. ISBN 2-9511665-3-2. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  20. ^ a b c La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2004). Cyclone Season 2001–2002 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 4. ISBN 2-9511665-6-7. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  21. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2006). Cyclone Season 2003–2004 in the South-West Indian Ocean (in French). Météo France. p. 67. ISBN 2-9511665-8-3. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  22. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 27, 2009). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Adeline-Juliet". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  23. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 27, 2009). "Intense Tropical Cyclone Bento". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  24. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (2006). South-West Indian Ocean Cyclone Season 2005–2006 (in French). Météo France. p. 6. ISBN 2-9511665-9-1. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  25. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 27, 2009). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Hondo". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  26. ^ La Réunion Tropical Cyclone Centre (August 31, 2010). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Edzani". Météo France. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  27. ^ Kerr, Jack (26 December 2014). "Tropical Cyclone Mahina: Bid to have deadly March 1899 weather event upgraded in record books". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  28. ^ Masters, Jeffrey. "World Storm Surge Records". Weather Underground. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  29. ^ "Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-06-30. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  30. ^ Evans, Jenny L; Braun, Aviva J (2012). "A Climatology of Subtropical Cyclones in the South Atlantic". Journal of Climate. 25 (21). American Meteorological Society: 7328–7340. Bibcode:2012JCli...25.7328E. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00212.1.

External links

Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers

Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers