List of tallest buildings

The 828-metre (2,717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the tallest building since 2010.^[1] The Burj Khalifa has been classified as megatall.^[2]

A diagram showing the tallest buildings as of 2024

This is a list of the tallest buildings. Tall buildings, such as skyscrapers, are intended here as enclosed structures with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least 350 metres (1,150 ft). Such definition excludes non-building structures, such as towers.

History

Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3800 years^[3] until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building until 1874.

The first skyscraper was pioneered in Chicago with the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building in 1885. The United States would remain the location of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2010.^[4] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction.^[5]

Ranking criteria and alternatives

The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.^[6] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).^[6] However, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.

In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,^[7] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:^[8]

• height to structural or architectural top;
• height to floor of highest occupied floor;
• height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);^[9] and
• height to top of any part of the building.

All categories measure the building from the level of the lowest significant open-air pedestrian entrance.^[10]

Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, changes to which would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.^[8]

Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae.^[8] In 1930, this definitional argument led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building (i.e. 40 Wall Street) employed only a short spire, was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall, and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.

Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor, at 255 m (837 ft). They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (98 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.^[11]

The Burj Khalifa currently tops the list regardless of which criterion is applied, though at a much lower margin when measured to highest occupied floor.^[12][13]

Tallest buildings in the world

As of 21 September 2024, this list includes all 95 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) that reach a height of 350 m (1,150 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. The building is considered as architecturally topped out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place.^[10]

Of these buildings, almost half are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center at 417 m (1,368 ft) after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the Twin Towers were never destroyed, and One World Trade Center was never built, the WTC towers would rank 36 and 37 on the list today.

Alternative measurements

Height to pinnacle (highest point)

Tallest buildings by pinnacle height, including all masts, poles, antennae, etc. in 2014

This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.^[10]

This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.

This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now named Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.

If the World Trade Center towers were still standing, the North (1,368 feet (417 m)) and South Towers (1,362 feet (415.1 m)) would fall between numbers 35 and 36 on the current list (as it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built).

Height to occupied floor

Tallest buildings by highest occupied floor in 2022.

This height is measured to the highest occupiable floor within the building.^[10]

Height to roof

This list of tallest buildings by height to roof ranks completed skyscrapers by height to roof which reach a height of 300 metres (984 ft) or more. Only buildings with continuously occupiable floors are included, thus non-building structures, including towers, are not included. Some assessments of the tallest building use 'height to roof' to determine tallest building, as 'architectural feature' is regarded as a subjective and an imprecise comparative measure. However, in November 2009, the CTBUH stopped using the roof height as the metric for tall buildings because modern tall buildings rarely have a part of the building that can categorically be deemed the roof.^[110]

Buildings under construction

This is a list of buildings taller than 350 m that are currently under construction.^[143] On-hold buildings whose construction was interrupted after it had reached a significantly advanced state are listed in a separate table.

Under construction

On hold

List by continent

The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located on each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):

Countries with most buildings on list

The following list shows the countries whose buildings are featured on the main list of world's tallest buildings (first list featured above), in order from most amount of buildings on the list to least amount of buildings on the list.

See also

• Architecture portal
• Lists portal

• List of tallest freestanding structures
• List of tallest residential buildings
• List of tallest towers
• List of tallest twin buildings and structures
• List of supertall skyscrapers
• List of buildings with 100 floors or more
• List of visionary tall buildings and structures
• History of the world's tallest buildings
• Skyscraper Index
• Vanity height
• List of tallest buildings in Europe
• List of tallest buildings in Asia
• List of tallest buildings in Oceania
• List of tallest buildings in North America
• List of tallest buildings in South America
• List of tallest buildings in Africa

Notes

1. Structurally Topped Out

References

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60. "Guiyang International Financial Center T1 - the Skyscraper Center".
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62. "China Resources Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
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75. "Elite Residence - the Skyscraper Center".
76. "1 Corporate Avenue - the Skyscraper Center".
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78. "Central Plaza - the Skyscraper Center".
79. "Federation Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
80. "Hengfeng Guiyang Center Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
81. "Dalian International Trade Center - the Skyscraper Center".
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84. "Qingdao Hai Tian Center - the Skyscraper Center".
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87. "Bank of America Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
88. "Ciel Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
89. "The St. Regis Chicago - the Skyscraper Center".
90. "Almas Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
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92. "Huiyun Center - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
93. "Hanking Center - the Skyscraper Center".
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96. "Gevora Hotel - the Skyscraper Center".
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98. "Galaxy Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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100. "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
101. "JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 2 - the Skyscraper Center".
102. "Emirates Tower One - the Skyscraper Center".
103. "Raffles City Chongqing T3N - the Skyscraper Center".
104. "Raffles City Chongqing T4N - the Skyscraper Center".
105. "OKO - Residential Tower - the Skyscraper Center".
106. "The Torch - the Skyscraper Center".
107. "Forum 66 Tower 1 - the Skyscraper Center".
108. "The Pinnacle - the Skyscraper Center".
109. "Glory・Xi'an International Financial Center - the Skyscraper Center".
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120. "Central Park Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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123. "Willis Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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125. "One World Trade Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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127. "Two International Finance Centre". Emporis. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
128. "Princess Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
129. "Jin Mao Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
130. "Zifeng Tower". Emporis. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
131. "Empire State Building". Emporis. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
132. "Petronas Tower 1". Emporis. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
133. "Petronas Tower 2". Emporis. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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136. "Aon Center". Emporis. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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138. "Haeundae LCT the Sharp II". skyscraperpage.com.
139. "Parc1 Tower 1". skyscraperpage.com.
140. "Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower". skyscraperpage.com.
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142. "Abeno Harukas". skyscraperpage.com.
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151. "Wuhan CTF Finance Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
152. "Suzhou Center North Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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154. "Wuhan Yangtze River Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
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156. "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
157. "China Merchants Bank Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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159. "Guohua Financial Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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163. "Shenzhen Luohu Friendship Trading Centre". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
164. "China Merchants Prince Bay Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
165. "Lucheng Square". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
166. "Hengli Global Operations Headquarters Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
167. "Shenzhen Bay Super Headquarters Base Tower C-2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
168. "Guohong Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
169. "China Resources Huafu Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
170. "Poly Liangxi Plaza". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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172. "Greenland Jinmao International Financial Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
173. "Suzhou Zhongnan Center". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
174. "HeXi Yuzui Tower A". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
175. "Chushang Building". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
176. "Fosun Bund Center T1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
177. "Chengdu Greenland Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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181. "Burj Almasa". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
182. "Greenland Center Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
183. "Dongfeng Plaza Landmark Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
184. icon tower
185. "Greenland Star Light Tower". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
186. "Ping An IFC". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
187. "Fosun Bund Center T2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
188. "Global Port Tower 1". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
189. "Global Port Tower 2". CTBUH Skyscraper Center.
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External links

• Media related to Skyscraper at Wikimedia Commons
• Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
• Emporis^[usurped], international database and gallery of buildings
• Structurae, international database and gallery of structures