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Bingöl

Haserek ski facilities

Bingöl (Armenian: Ճապաղջուր, romanized: Chapaghjur, Kurdish: Çewlik,[2] Zazaki: Çewlîg[3]), known as Çapakçur before 1944, is a city in Turkey. It is the seat of Bingöl Province and Bingöl District,[4] having a population of 133,423 (2022).[1]

Etymology

One of the historical names for the city, Bingöl literally means thousand lakes in Turkish; however, there aren't any lakes of considerable size within the boundaries of the province. The name rather refers to many tarns found around the city.[5][6]

History

Bingöl is located in what was historically the region of Sophene (first an independent kingdom and later an Armenian and Roman province).[7] The settlement is mentioned by its Armenian name, Chapaghjur (meaning "spread out water" in Armenian), by the 11th-century Armenian historian Stepanos Asoghik, who mentions it while describing the 995 Balu earthquake.[7] Chapaghjur is sometimes identified with the Roman fortress-town of Citharizum (Ktʻaṛich in Armenian).[7]

In the Middle Ages, Bingöl was known as Romanoupolis (Greek: Ῥωμανούπολις) after the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos, who incorporated it into the Byzantine Empire in 942. It initially formed a subdivision of the thema of Mesopotamia, but it was later (c. 970) elevated into a separate theme.[8]

Bingöl was ruled by the Suwaydid dynasty, a cadet branch of the Barmakids, from the 13th century until mid-Ottoman rule, autonomously from the Ottomans.[9] Bingöl and the surrounding district had a large Armenian population prior to the Armenian genocide.[7] Until the middle of the 20th century, the city was known as Çapakçur/Çabakçur, derived from its Armenian name.[10][11] In 1944, the place was renamed Bingöl, meaning "thousand lakes" in Turkish.

Kurdish-Turkish conflict

Bingöl has been the site of several violent incidents of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict. On 23 October 2016, a car bombing targeting an armored police vehicle perpetrated by PKK militia members killed two police officers and injured 19 others.[12] On 8 June 2018, a group of PKK militia members attacked a military station and killed one Turkish soldier while injuring three others.[13]

Geography

Bingöl is 144 kilometres (89 mi) east of Elazığ and is situated in the high region of Eastern Anatolia. Bingöl is a mountainous area with heights reaching 3000 m, Bingöl city is at about 1120 m above sea level.[14] The Gayt River (Gayt Çayı), a right-bank tributary of the Eastern Euphrates (Murat River), runs through the city.

Climate

Bingöl has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa, or Trewartha climate classification Dca), with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. The driest months are July and August and the wettest is February and December.

Highest recorded temperature:42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 26 July 2001
Lowest recorded temperature:−25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) on 27 February 1992[15]

Earthquakes

On 1 May 2003 the whole area suffered from a magnitude 6.4 earthquake, leaving 176 dead and 520 injured.[18] On 8 March 2010, the area suffered another earthquake, of magnitude 5.9, with its epicenter in Elazığ Province, 45 km (28 mi) west of Bingöl. On 14 June 2020, a relatively small earthquake occurred in the region, killing a village guard and injuring 21 others.[19]

Demographics

Ethnic background

In 1891, the kaza had 20,800 inhabitants: 16,465 Muslims and 4,385 Armenians.[20]

Population

Transport

Bingöl Airport

Bingöl Airport opened on 12 July 2013. It has a passenger capacity of 500,000 a year.

Education

Bingöl University opened on 29 May 2007.[29] The University continues its activities with nine faculties, six vocational schools and five5 institutes.

Mayors of Bingöl

Notable people

References

  1. ^ a b c "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜIK. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  2. ^ Adem, Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 55.
  3. ^ Ferhengê Kirmanckî (Zazakî)-Tirkî: Kırmancca (Zazaca)-Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish and Zazaki). Weşanxaneyê Vateyî. 2009. p. 106. ISBN 978-975-6278-40-6.
  4. ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  5. ^ "Coğrafi Yapı". www.bintso.org.tr. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  6. ^ Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi: III. pp. 240–241. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, Stepan T.; Barseghyan, Hovhannes Kh. (1991). Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Publishing House. p. 603.
  8. ^ Oikonomides, Nicolas (1972). Les Listes de Préséance Byzantines des IXe et Xe Siècles (in French). Paris, France: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. p. 359.
  9. ^ Mahfuz, Söylemez M. (2010). According to the Tahrir Register Dated 1550 Liva of Çapakçur (PDF). Bingöl: Bingöl Belediyesi Kültür Yayınlar. p. 17. ISBN 978-975-6788-82-0. OCLC 1030056968. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2020.
  10. ^ "Italian City-states and Catholic Missions in Mongolian World of the 13th and 14th Centuries", ANTHROPOLOGIA INTEGRA Vol. 3, No. 2, 2012, p. 9; academia.edu
  11. ^ Bingöl Tarihi, frmartuklu.org
  12. ^ "Bingöl'de zırhlı polis aracına saldırı: 2 polis şehit, 5'i polis 19 yaralı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). 23 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  13. ^ DHA (8 June 2018). "Bingöl'de PKK pususu: 1 asker şehit, 3 asker yaralı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  14. ^ Aydan, Ö. (July 2003). "THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003" (PDF). Tokai University, Department of Marine Civil Engineering. p. 4.
  15. ^ "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri". mgm.gov.tr. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  16. ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  17. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Bingol" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2024. WMO Station number: 17203
  18. ^ Aydan, Ö. (July 2003). "THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003" (PDF). Tokai University, Department of Marine Civil Engineering. p. 1.
  19. ^ "Bingöl'de deprem: Bir güvenlik görevlisi hayatını kaybetti". euronews (in Turkish). 15 June 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Kaza Chapaghjur – Ճապաղջուր". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  21. ^ a b Sertel, Savaş (1 January 2014). "ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE BİNGÖL NÜFUSU". XVII. TTK Bildiri Kitabi.
  22. ^ "1965 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1965. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2022.
  23. ^ "1970 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
  24. ^ "1975 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
  25. ^ "1980 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022.
  26. ^ "1985 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2021.
  27. ^ "1990 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021.
  28. ^ "1997 Population Count" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2022.
  29. ^ Bingöl University Archived 11 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine