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Округ Массак, Иллинойс

Массак — округ в американском штате Иллинойс . По переписи 2020 года население составляло 14 169 человек. [1] Основанный в 1843 году и названный в честь французского форта , основанного в 18 веке, его административный центр — Метрополис . [2] Округ Массак включен в столичную статистическую зону Падука , штат Кентукки , штат Иллинойс . Он расположен вдоль реки Огайо , в части штата, известной как « Маленький Египет ».

История

Эта территория была заселена различными культурами коренных народов за тысячи лет до контакта с европейцами. Были обнаружены доказательства проживания коренного населения со времен архаического периода (8000–2000 гг. До н.э.). Большее развитие произошло в период Раннего Леса , например, в культуре Адены (1000–200 гг. До н.э.). Заселение Среднего и Позднего Леса продолжалось примерно до 1000 г. н. э., до возникновения культуры Миссисипи вдоль реки Миссисипи и ее основных притоков. Это повлияло на торговую и культурную сеть по всему континенту.

Самой сложной и последней местной культурой была культура Миссисипи . Люди того времени создали большое поселение в период с 1050 по 1400–1450 годы н.э. На так называемом участке Кинкейда , считающемся вождеством стратифицированного общества, люди построили в общей сложности 19 сложных земляных курганов, в том числе элитный курган [3] и большую площадь в качестве памятников в центре большого жилого комплекса. урегулирование. [4]

Сейчас это место находится в ведении государства и признано национальным историческим памятником . Люди покинули это место около 1500 человек, возможно, по экологическим причинам, например, из-за нехватки древесины или дичи. Не было найдено никаких доказательств того, что какие-либо исторические индейские племена занимали это место за столетия до европейско-американского заселения. Это произошло лишь три столетия спустя, причем большая часть событий произошла 400 лет спустя.

Хотя это была часть страны Иллинойс, на которую претендовали французские исследователи, эта территория почти не была заселена их колонистами. Большинство французских колониальных деревень, таких как Прери-дю-Роше, располагались недалеко от реки Миссисипи . Во время французско-индийской войны против британцев французы построили здесь форт в 1757 году. Он был назван Форт Массак в честь Клода Луи д'Эспиншаля, маркиза де Массиака, французского военно-морского министра . [5] Массиак — коммуна в Кантале , Франция . Позже округ был назван в честь Массака.

После Американской революции первоначально эта территория была заселена выходцами с Юга, мигрировавшими по реке Огайо. Южный Иллинойс получил разговорное название «Маленький Египет». Округ Массак не был формально организован до 8 февраля 1843 года, когда население увеличилось, и оно состояло из территорий округов Джонсон и Поуп . Он был разработан для сельского хозяйства.

В середине 19 века, после революций 1848 года , Иллинойс принял множество немецких иммигрантов, изменивших политику округа. Они были сторонниками Союза и Республиканской партии во время Гражданской войны в США и после нее, тогда как этнические южане отдавали предпочтение Конфедерации и Демократической партии. Потомки этнических немцев сегодня составляют почти треть населения округа Массак.

География

По данным Бюро переписи населения США , округ имеет общую площадь 242 квадратных миль (630 км 2 ), из которых 237 квадратных миль (610 км 2 ) занимает суша и 4,6 квадратных миль (12 км 2 ) (1,9%) – вода. . [6]

Климат и погода

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Metropolis have ranged from a low of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to a high of 90 °F (32 °C) in July, although a record low of −21 °F (−29 °C) was recorded in January 1984 and a record high of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded in July 1999. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 3.00 inches (76 mm) in August to 4.76 inches (121 mm) in May.[7]

Major highways

Adjacent counties

National protected area

Demographics

2010

Whereas according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau:

2010

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 15,429 people, 6,362 households, and 4,242 families residing in the county.[13] The population density was 65.0 inhabitants per square mile (25.1/km2). There were 7,113 housing units at an average density of 30.0 per square mile (11.6/km2).[6] The racial makeup of the county was 91.0% white, 5.9% black or African American, 0.4% American Indian, 0.3% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population.[13] In terms of ancestry, 25.7% were German, 16.1% were Irish, 8.5% were English, and 8.5% were American.[14]

Of the 6,362 households, 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.3% were non-families, and 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age was 42.1 years.[13]

The median income for a household in the county was $41,077 and the median income for a family was $51,794. Males had a median income of $46,231 versus $25,717 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,216. About 9.7% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.[15]

Communities

Cities

Village

Unincorporated communities

Forts

Politics

In its pre-Civil War history, the people of Massac County, which like most of Southern Illinois was settled by Southerners, were strongly Democratic. While Illinois was a free state, people of this region were opposed to the abolitionist politics of the northern regions of the state. County voters chose Democratic candidates in every Presidential election up to and including 1860.

But the region also had numerous ethnic Germans who had arrived after the revolutions of 1848. They favored the Union, and provided a number of Union soldiers rivaled on a per-capita basis only by a few fiercely Unionist counties in Appalachia.[17][18] For the next century, Massac County voters favored Republican candidates for the presidency. During this period, the county's voters gave a plurality to every Republican nominee. They supported William Howard Taft in 1912, when the GOP was bitterly divided. During the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt lost the county in 1936 by a greater margin than he did in 1932, when his popularity elsewhere increased as people benefited from government programs. Between 1896 and 1928, no Democratic presidential candidate gained thirty percent of the county's vote.

In the 1964 election, following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and during the Vietnam War, incumbent Lyndon Johnson was the first Democrat in 104 years to carry Massac County. Locally voters opposed Barry Goldwater’s economic policies and his Deep Southern orientation.[citation needed] Southern Evangelical Jimmy Carter marginally bettered LBJ's performance in 1976. Bill Clinton won a larger plurality in 1992, due to a third-party challenge from Ross Perot.[citation needed]

But, since 2000 the conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party in favoring presidential candidates. Some analysts say the conservatives changed parties because of socio-cultural issues.[19] In 2016 Hillary Clinton won 23.3 percent share of the county's vote, the lowest by a Democrat since John W. Davis in his landslide 1924 loss. In 2020 they gave Donald Trump 73.3% of their vote and Joe Biden 25.3%. Overall, state voters favored Biden, who won the election in both popular and electoral college votes.[20]

The county was the only county in Illinois to vote against Barack Obama in both of his presidential runs, his 2004 Senate run, and the 2008 Democratic Primary, where a majority of residents voted for Hillary Clinton instead. The county did vote for Obama unanimously in the 2012 Democratic presidential primary against the anti-abortion protest candidacy of Randall Terry.[21]

For the purposes of Illinois law, the three established political parties in the county are the Democratic Party, Republican Party, and Constitution Party as all have received 5% or greater of the vote in a recent election.[22] Massac County is the only county in the state in which the Constitution Party is an established political party.[23] The Constitution Party's established established political party status allows it to have the same reduced barriers to ballot access as the Democratic and Republican parties and to hold primaries.[24] In the 2022 primary, a single voter requested a Constitution Party ballot.[23] Their sole candidate on the ballot, a candidate for county clerk, received 14% of the vote in the 2022 general election.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Brennan, Tamira K. (October 2009). Domestic Diversity at Kincaid Mounds. Midwest Archaeological Conference. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 2. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  4. ^ "Kincaid: A Prehistoric Cultural and Religious Center In Southern Illinois". Dr. John E. Schwegman. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
  5. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 202.
  6. ^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  7. ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Metropolis, Illinois". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  8. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  9. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  10. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  11. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  12. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  13. ^ a b c "DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  14. ^ "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  15. ^ "DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
  16. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  17. ^ Wells, Damon; Stephen Douglas: The Last Years, 1857–1861, p. 285 ISBN 0292776357
  18. ^ Copeland, James E.; ‘Where Were the Kentucky Unionists and Secessionists’; The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, volume 71, no. 4 (October 1973), pp. 344-363
  19. ^ Cohn, Nate; ‘Demographic Shift: Southern Whites’ Loyalty to G.O.P. Nearing That of Blacks to Democrats’, New York Times, April 24, 2014
  20. ^ "Illinois Presidential Election Results 2020". NBC News. 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  21. ^ Borgsmiller, Rupert T. (Executive Director) (March 20, 2012). Official Canvass of the Illinois 2012 Primary Election. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  22. ^ Kwiatkowski, Maximilian (March 26, 2018). "Third parties seeking attention, ballot access in Illinois". The State Journal-Register. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  23. ^ a b Matthews, Bernadette M. (Executive Director), ed. (July 29, 2022). Official Canvass of the Primary Election of June 28, 2022. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Board of Elections. p. viii. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  24. ^ Temple, Terra (June 9, 2022). "Election judges sought as primary nears". The Metropolis Planet. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
  25. ^ Staff (November 8, 2022). "Illinois down ballot race results for 2022 general election". Murray State University's NPR Station. Retrieved January 9, 2024.

External links

37°13′N 88°43′W / 37.22°N 88.71°W / 37.22; -88.71