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List of Nazi doctors

Doctors' trial, Nuremberg, 1946–1947

The following is a list of notable medical doctors in Nazi Germany. This list is primarily split up into those who performed Euthanasia through the Aktion T4 campaign, to those who primarily performed experiments on Holocaust victims. While a majority consists of members of the Nazi Party, others who could not become members contributed in notable ways. After the war, the German Medical Association blamed Nazi atrocities on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.[1][2][3] During the Doctors' trial, the defense argued that there was no international law to distinguish between legal and illegal human experimentation,[4] which led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code (1947). Some doctors attempted to change names to escape capture and trial, such as Werner Heyde[5] and Robert Ley,[6] Other doctors, such as Walter Schreiber, were covertly moved to the United States during "Operation Paperclip" in 1951.

Background

When the Nazi government came to power, they purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.[7] Non-Jewish physicians were early recruits to the Nazi Party, due both to social and economic circumstances and to widespread eugenic and Social Darwinist ideas in early-20th-century medicine.[8] By 1942, more than half of all German physicians had become Nazi Party members.[9][10][11] In comparison, only about 10% of the general population became Nazi Party members by 1945.[12] In addition, over 7% of German doctors became members of the Nazi SS, compared to less than 1% of the general population.[13] While most of these doctors were physicians, some held doctorates (PhDs) in biology, anthropology, or related fields. Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patients, using a Mendelian type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the genetically defective.[14][15][16][17] "The participation in the ‘betrayal of Hippocrates’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened," wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.[18] Killing and experimentation[19] became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.[20]

Euthanasia

Human experimentation

Others

Academics

Camp doctors

Miscellaneous

Non Nazis

While the following people were never members of the Nazi Party, their names are included here as they are known to have contributed or are mentioned in a notable way.

See also

Articles

Lists

Notes

  1. ^ These are initial sentences, many of which were later commuted.
  2. ^ American intervention possibly saved Blome from the gallows in exchange for information about biological warfare, nerve gas, and providing advice on to the American chemical and biological weapons programs.[32]
  3. ^ a b c Exact date unknown
  4. ^ Gutzeit was involved in the coordination of pseudo-medical infection tests with hepatitis.
  5. ^ Handloser held the newly established position of Chief of Wehrmacht Medical Services in the Wehrmacht High Command (OKW). This made him primarily responsible for the entire medical service of the Wehrmacht and consequently also for all medical crimes that were committed within the framework of the Wehrmacht medical service, particularly against prisoners of war.
  6. ^ Hippke was arrested, but later was released after it was found he was only the source behind the idea for deadly "freezing experiments" on humans.
  7. ^ Kaschub died before charges could be brought up against him.
  8. ^ The courts found that Poppendick was aware of almost all the experiments that had been carried out on prisoners in various concentration camps, but saw no criminal liability. He was ultimately sentenced to 10 years for being a member of the SS.
  9. ^ Rascher never stood trial, he was executed under direct orders from Heinrich Himmler for deception
  10. ^ Reiter was a "quality control" officer who helped design and implement a process where internees were inoculated with an experimental typhus vaccine. He later assisted the Allies with his knowledge of germ warfare.
  11. ^ Rostock was charged with complicity in several series of human experiments on concentration camp prisoners due to his high position.
  12. ^ Witteler was involved in the selection of prisoners who were deliberately infected during Claus Schilling 's malaria experiments.
  13. ^ Wirths was involved in ordering medical experimentation, particularly in gynecological and typhus-related experimental tests.
  14. ^ This only covers what the person did or allegedly did under the Nazi regime.

References

  1. ^ Kolb, Stephan; Weindling, Paul; Roelcke, Volker; Seithe, Horst (2012). "Apologising for Nazi medicine: A constructive starting point". The Lancet. 380 (9843): 722–723. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61396-8. PMC 4365922. PMID 22928190.
  2. ^ Strous, Rael D. (2006). "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (1): 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27. PMID 16390885.
  3. ^ Müller-Hill, Benno (April 28, 1988). Murderous science. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192615558.
  4. ^ "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946
  5. ^ Schneider, Frank (2011). "Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 261: 111–118. doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1. PMID 21959914.
  6. ^ "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945
  7. ^ "Germany looks for way out of war". The Southeast Missourian. September 17, 1938.
  8. ^ Haque, Omar S.; De Freitas, Julian; Viani, Ivana; Niederschulte, Bradley; Bursztajn, Harold J. (September 1, 2012). "Why did so many German doctors join the Nazi Party early?". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. Forensic Psychiatry: Expertise, Treatment and Public Policy. 35 (5): 473–479. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2012.09.022. ISSN 0160-2527. PMID 23040706.
  9. ^ Hayse, Michael R. (2003). Recasting West German Elites: Higher Civil Servants, Business Leaders, and Physicians in Hesse between Nazism and Democracy, 1945-1955. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-271-1.
  10. ^ The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. p. 19. ISBN 9780199772261.
  11. ^ Leary, Warren E. (November 10, 1992). "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity in Nazi-Era Atrocities". The New York Times.
  12. ^ McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich. London: Amber Books Ltd. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1907446962.
  13. ^ Colaianni, Alessandra (2012). "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture". Journal of Medical Ethics. 38 (7): 435–438. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100372. PMID 22556311.
  14. ^ Strous, Rael D. (2007). "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: Ethical lessons for the modern professional". Annals of General Psychiatry. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-8. PMC 1828151. PMID 17326822.
  15. ^ authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang (April 15, 2011). "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science".
  16. ^ "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.
  17. ^ Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
  18. ^ Ernst, E. (2001). "Commentary: The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.37. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002B-0D8B-C. PMID 11171848.
  19. ^ "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017
  20. ^ "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.
  21. ^ Roelcke, Volker; Lepicard, Etienne; Topp, Sascha (2014). Silence, Scapegoats, Self-reflection: The Shadow of Nazi Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 109. ISBN 9783847103653.
  22. ^ Wolfgang Freidl (2001). Medizin und Nationalsozialismus in der Steiermark. StudienVerlag. ISBN 3-70651565-2.
  23. ^ Expert list. Heidelberg documents. p. 228. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "Vienna buries last remains of victims of Nazi medical mistreatment" National Post. May 9, 2012.
  25. ^ Expert list. Heidelberg documents. pp. 228–229. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Cesarani, David (2016). Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews, 1933–1945. St. Martin’s Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-25000-083-5.
  27. ^ Gazdag G, Ungvari GS, Czech H (2017). "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry". Hist Psychiatry. 28 (4): 482–488. doi:10.1177/0957154X17724037. PMID 28829187. S2CID 9732068.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Abusive Medical Practices on “Euthanasia” Victims in Austria during and after World War II" Author Herwig Czech. Page 112. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-05702-6_9
  29. ^ Maura Phillips Mackowski, Testing the Limits: Aviation Medicine and the Origins of Manned Space Flight, Texas A&M University Press, 2006, p. 64
  30. ^ Alexander Mitscherlich / Fred Mielke: Medizin ohne Menschlichkeit – Dokumente des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses, Lamberg und Schneider, Heidelberg 1949, ISBN 3-596-22003-3.
  31. ^ Otto Bickenbach's Human Experiments with Chemical Warfare Agents at the Concentration Camp Natzweiler in the Context of the SS-Ahnenerbe and the Reichsforschungsrat
  32. ^ Erhard Geissler, "Die Rolle deutscher Biowaffenexperten in der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg," in Oehler-Klein & Roelcke,Vergangenheitspolitik in der universitaeren Medizin nach 1945 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2007), p. 101.
  33. ^ "The Murder of Unproductive Persons"
  34. ^ The Dachau Trials:Mauthausen-Gusen Cases
  35. ^ Gazdag G, Ungvari GS, Czech H (2017). "Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry". Hist Psychiatry. 28 (4): 482–488. doi:10.1177/0957154X17724037. PMID 28829187. S2CID 9732068.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "Abusive Medical Practices on “Euthanasia” Victims in Austria during and after World War II" Author Herwig Czech. Page 112. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-05702-6_9
  37. ^ "Deutsche Biographie: Frick, Wilhelm".
  38. ^ Joseph, J.; Wetzel, N. A. (2013). "Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's Racial Hygiene Mastermind". Journal of the History of Biology. 46 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6. PMID 23180223. S2CID 207150510.
  39. ^ Nicholas Wade, "IQ and Heredity: Suspicion of Fraud Beclouds Classic Experiment", Science November 26, 1976: 916–919.
  40. ^ D. D. Dorfman, "The Cyril Burt Question: New Findings", Science September 29, 1978: Vol. 201 no. 4362 pp. 1177–1186
  41. ^ "Nazi War Crimes Trials:Ravensbrück Trial"
  42. ^ Nazi War Crimes Trials
  43. ^ Law reports of trials of war criminals, selected and prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission. – Volume II, The Belsen Trial (PDF). London: United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1947. p. 21f.
  44. ^ [The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution By Henry Friedlander pg 92]