Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1801–1950
Oxford University was a university constituency electing two members to the British House of Commons, from 1603 to 1950. The last two members to represent Oxford University when it was abolished were A. P. Herbert and Arthur Salter.
Boundaries, electorate and electoral system
This university constituency was created by a Royal Charter of 1603. It was abolished in 1950 by the Representation of the People Act 1948.
The constituency was not a physical area. Its electorate consisted of the graduates of the University of Oxford. Before 1918 the franchise was restricted to male graduates with a Doctorate or MA degree. Namier and Brooke estimated the number of electors as about 500 in the 1754–1790 period; by 1910, it had risen to 6,500. Following the reforms of 1918, the franchise encompassed all graduates who paid a fee of £1 to join the register. This included around 400 women who had passed examinations which would have entitled them to a degree if they were male.[1]
The constituency returned two Members of Parliament. From 1918, the MPs were elected by the single transferable vote method of proportional representation.
History
The university strongly supported the old Tory cause in the 18th century. The original party system endured long after it had become meaningless in almost every other constituency.
After the Hanoverian succession to the British throne the Whigs became dominant in the politics of Cambridge University, the other university represented in Parliament, by using a royal prerogative power to confer doctorates. That power did not exist at Oxford, so the major part of the university electorate remained Tory (and in the first half of the 18th century sometimes Jacobite) in sympathy.
The university also valued its independence from government. In a rare contested general election in 1768 the two candidates with administration ties were defeated.
In the 19th century the university continued to support the right, almost always returning Tory, Conservative or Liberal Unionist candidates. The only exception was William Ewart Gladstone, formerly "the rising hope of the stern unbending Tories". He first represented the university as a Peelite, supporting a former member for the constituency – the sometime Conservative Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel. Gladstone retained his seat as a Liberal, for a time after 1859. Following Gladstone's defeat, in 1865, subsequent Liberal candidates were rare and they were never successful in winning a seat.
Even after the introduction of proportional representation, in 1918, both members continued to be Conservatives until 1935. Independent members were elected in the last phase of university elections to Parliament, before the constituency was abolished in 1950.
Members of Parliament
Sir William Whitelock is named by Rayment as "Sir William Whitelocke" and by Sedgwick as "Sir William Whitlock".
The Roman numerals in brackets after the names of the two members called William Bromley (who were father and son) are included to distinguish them. It is not a method which would have been used by the men themselves.
- Constituency created (1603)
Parliament of England 1604–1707
As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained, the entry unknown is entered in the table.
Notes:-
- a Date of Pride's Purge, which converted the Long Parliament into the Rump Parliament.
- b Date when Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament by force.
- c Date when the members of the nominated or Barebones Parliament were selected. The university was not represented in this body.
- d Date when the members of the First Protectorate Parliament were elected. The university was represented by one member in this body.
- e Date when the members of the Second Protectorate Parliament were elected. The university was represented by one member in this body.
- f The Rump Parliament was recalled and subsequently Pride's Purge was reversed, allowing the full Long Parliament to meet until it agreed to dissolve itself.
- g Clarges died on 4 October 1695, so the seat was vacant at the dissolution of 11 October 1695.
- h The MPs of the last Parliament of England and 45 members co-opted from the former Parliament of Scotland, became the House of Commons of the 1st Parliament of Great Britain which assembled on 23 October 1707 (see below for the members in that Parliament).
Parliaments of Great Britain 1707–1800 and of the United Kingdom 1801–1950
- Constituency abolished (1950)
Notes:-
- 1 Bromley had represented the university since a by-election in March 1701. He was Speaker of the House of Commons 1710–1713.
- 2 Abbot was Speaker of the House of Commons 1802–1817.
- 3 Estcourt and Inglis are regarded as Conservative MPs from 1835, as this was the approximate date when the Tory Party became known as the Conservative Party.
- 4 Gladstone accepted office in a Liberal ministry in 1859, thus vacating the seat he had held (as a Peelite MP – more formally a Liberal Conservative). He was re-elected as a Liberal candidate.
- 5 Anson became a Conservative MP when the Liberal Unionists formally merged with the Conservatives in 1912.
- 6 Cecil joined the non-Coalition wing of his party at some point during the 1918–1922 Parliament.
Elections
Elections in the 1710s
Elections in the 1720s
- Note (1722): Stooks Smith records the votes as Bromley 278, Clarke 213 and King 142.
Elections in the 1730s
Elections in the 1740s
Elections in the 1750s
- Note (1751): Stooks Smith records Turner's vote as 47.
Elections in the 1760s
Elections in the 1770s
Elections in the 1780s
Elections in the 1790s
Elections in the 1800s
Elections in the 1810s
Elections in the 1820s
- Note (1829): Stooks Smith records that the polls were open for three days. Inglis was a candidate promoted by the Ultra-Tories in opposition to Catholic emancipation.
Elections in the 1830s
Elections in the 1840s
- Note (1841): McCalmont classifies Inglis as a Peelite candidate, at this election.
- Note (1847): Poll 5 days. (Source for this note and the number of voters: Stooks Smith). McCalmont classifies Inglis as a Peelite and Gladstone as a Liberal Conservative candidate, at this election.
Elections in the 1850s
- Note (1852): Minimum possible turnout estimated by dividing votes by 2. To the extent that electors did not use both their votes, the figure will be an underestimate. McCalmont classifies Gladstone as a Liberal Conservative candidate, at this election.
- Seat vacated on the appointment of Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Seat vacated on the appointment of Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer. McCalmont classifies Gladstone as a Liberal candidate, at this election.
Elections in the 1860s
Elections in the 1870s
Elections in the 1880s
Elections in the 1890s
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1910s
- Anson became a Conservative MP in 1912 when the Liberal Unionist Party formally merged with the Conservative Party.
- Death of Anson
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
- As two candidates achieved the quota only one count was necessary
- Constituency abolished (1950)
References
- ^ "The Universities and Labour", Manchester Guardian, 6 December 1918
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ J. Palmer, A Biographical History of England (1824), 86.
- ^ s:Danvers, John (DNB00)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 7–9.
- ^ a b Fisher, David R. "Oxford University". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
- ^ "Oxford". Berkshire Chronicle. 17 July 1852. p. 4. Retrieved 14 September 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Mr. Dudley Perceval". Morning Chronicle. 29 January 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 14 September 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ "Representation of Oxford University". Bury and Norwich Post. 14 May 1878. p. 8. Retrieved 14 January 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b c d e f g Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.
Bibliography
- Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
- British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1977)
- British Parliamentary Election Results 1885–1918, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1974)
- British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, compiled and edited by F. W. S. Craig (Macmillan Press, revised edition 1977)
- McCalmont's Parliamentary Poll Book: British Election Results 1832–1918 (8th edition, The Harvester Press 1971)
- The House of Commons 1715–1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)
- The House of Commons 1754–1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
- The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F. W. S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973))
- Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
- Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume II 1886–1918, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1978)
- Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume III 1919–1945, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1979)
- Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume IV 1945–1979, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1981)
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "O"
