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Территориальная эволюция Соединенных Штатов

Анимированная карта территориальной эволюции Соединенных Штатов ( кликните, чтобы просмотреть изображение в полном размере )
Карта Бюро переписи населения США, на которой изображены территориальные приобретения, 2007 г.
После поражения Японии во Второй мировой войне, находившиеся под управлением Японии Северные Марианские острова перешли под контроль Соединенных Штатов. [1]

Соединенные Штаты Америки были образованы после того, как тринадцать британских колоний в Северной Америке объявили независимость от Британской империи 4 июля 1776 года. В резолюции Ли , принятой Вторым Континентальным конгрессом за два дня до этого, колонии постановили, что они являются свободными и независимыми штатами. Союз был оформлен в Статьях Конфедерации , которые вступили в силу 1 марта 1781 года после ратификации всеми 13 штатами. Их независимость была признана Великобританией в Парижском договоре 1783 года, который завершил Американскую войну за независимость . Это фактически удвоило размер колоний, теперь способных простираться на запад за Линию провозглашения до реки Миссисипи . Эта земля была разделена на территории, а затем на штаты, хотя оставался некоторый конфликт с грантами от моря до моря, на которые претендовали некоторые из первоначальных колоний. Со временем эти гранты были переданы федеральному правительству.

Первое крупное расширение страны произошло с покупкой Луизианы в 1803 году, которая удвоила территорию страны, хотя юго-восточная граница с испанской Флоридой была предметом многочисленных споров, пока она и испанские претензии на Орегон не были уступлены США в 1821 году. Орегон дал Соединенным Штатам доступ к Тихому океану , хотя он был разделен некоторое время с Соединенным Королевством . [2] Аннексия Республики Техас в 1845 году непосредственно привела к мексикано-американской войне , после которой победоносные Соединенные Штаты получили северную половину территории Мексики , включая то, что быстро стало штатом Калифорния . [3]

Однако по мере того, как развитие страны продвигалось на запад, вопрос рабства становился все более важным, с бурными дебатами о том, разрешат ли новые территории рабство, и такими событиями, как Миссурийский компромисс и Кровоточащий Канзас . Это достигло критической точки в 1860 и 1861 годах, когда правительства южных штатов провозгласили свое отделение от страны и образовали Конфедеративные Штаты Америки . Гражданская война в Америке привела к поражению Конфедерации в 1865 году и, в конечном итоге, к повторному приему штатов в Конгресс Соединенных Штатов . Культурные усилия и стремление к явному предназначению дали мощный импульс для экспансии на запад в 19 веке.

Соединенные Штаты начали расширяться за пределы Северной Америки в 1856 году с принятием Закона об островах Гуано , в результате чего было заявлено множество небольших и необитаемых, но экономически важных островов в Карибском море и Тихом океане. [4] Большинство этих претензий в конечном итоге были оставлены, в основном из-за конкурирующих претензий со стороны других стран. Тихоокеанская экспансия достигла кульминации в аннексии Гавайев в 1898 году после свержения их правительства пятью годами ранее. Аляска , последнее крупное приобретение в Северной Америке, была куплена у России в 1867 году. Поддержка независимости Кубы от Испанской империи и потопление USS Maine привели к испано-американской войне в 1898 году, в которой Соединенные Штаты получили Пуэрто-Рико , Гуам и Филиппины и оккупировали Кубу в течение нескольких лет. Американское Самоа было приобретено Соединенными Штатами в 1900 году после окончания Второй гражданской войны в Самоа . [5] В 1917 году Соединенные Штаты приобрели Американские Виргинские острова у Дании. [6] Пуэрто-Рико и Гуам остаются территориями, а Филиппины обрели независимость в 1946 году, будучи основным театром военных действий Второй мировой войны .

После войны многие острова были переданы США Организацией Объединенных Наций [7] , и в то время как Северные Марианские острова стали территорией США, Маршалловы Острова , Федеративные Штаты Микронезии и Палау вышли из подопечной территории как независимые государства. Последним крупным международным изменением стало приобретение в 1904 году и возвращение Панаме в 1979 году Зоны Панамского канала , неинкорпорированной территории США, которая контролировала Панамский канал . Окончательная уступка формального контроля над регионом была сделана Панаме в 1999 году.

Штаты, как правило, сохраняли свои первоначальные границы после их установления. Только три штата ( Кентукки , Мэн и Западная Вирджиния ) были созданы непосредственно из территорий, принадлежавших другому штату (хотя на момент вступления Вермонт согласился на денежную выплату Нью-Йорку за отказ от своих претензий); все остальные штаты были созданы из федеральных территорий или путем приобретений. Четыре штата ( Луизиана , Миссури , Невада и Пенсильвания ) существенно расширились за счет приобретения дополнительных федеральных территорий после их первоначального вступления в Союз . В 1912 году Аризона была последним штатом, созданным в смежных Соединенных Штатах , обычно называемых «нижними 48». В 1959 году Гавайи стали 50-м и последним принятым штатом.

Легенда для карт

Ключ к цветам карты
  Штаты США (карты внутренних территорий), бесспорная территория США (карты спорных территорий)
  Территории Соединенных Штатов (внутренние карты)
  спорная территория Соединенных Штатов
  область изменена событием

1776–1784 (Американская революция)

1784–1803 (Организация территории)

1803–1818 (Покупка Луизианы)

1819–1845 (Расширение на северо-запад)

1845–1860 (Юго-западное расширение)

1860–1865 (Гражданская война)

1866–1897 (Реконструкция и западная государственность)

1898–1945 (Расширение Тихого океана и Карибского бассейна)

1946–настоящее время (Деколонизация)

Bancos along the Rio Grande

An example of a banco, created when a meander is cut off by a new, shorter channel, leaving a cut-off section of land surrounded by a U-shaped (oxbow) lake

The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.[455] The sudden changes often created bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.[456] In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.[457][458][459]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the territorial evolution of the United States.

Notes

  1. ^ The borders of the country followed the colonial borders; for simplicity, the maps use the borders defined in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The only substantive difference between the borders before and after the Treaty of Paris is the southwest border: when Great Britain had ownership over West Florida, they had moved its border north, to a line east from the mouth of the Yazoo River, and that area thus did not belong to Georgia; the treaty granted the area between this and 31° north to the United States.
  2. ^ The New Hampshire towns petitioning to join Vermont were: Apthorp (now Littleton), Bath, Canaan, Cardigan (now Orange), Cornish, Dresden (now part of Hanover), Enfield, Franconia, Gunthwaite (now Lisbon), Haverhill, Landaff, Lebanon, Lyman, Lyme, Orford, and Piermont.[35] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the common interpretation.
  3. ^ The New Hampshire towns petitioning to join Vermont were: Acworth, Alstead, Bath, Cardigan (now Orange), Charlestown, Chesterfield, Claremont, Cornish, Croydon, Dorchester, Dresden, Franconia, "Gilsom" (likely Gilsum), Grafton, Grantham, Gunthwaite (now Lisbon), Hanover, Haverhill, Hinsdale, Landaff, Lancaster, Lebanon, "Leinster" (possibly Lempster), Lincoln, Lyman, Lyme, Marlow, Newport, Piermont, Plainfield, Richmond, Saville (now Sunapee), Surry, Walpole, and Westmoreland.[41] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the common interpretation.
  4. ^ The New York towns petitioning to join Vermont were: "Black-Creek" (unknown; possibly is or is near Hebron), Cambridge, Fort Edward, Granville, "Greenfield" (unknown; there is a town named Greenfield but it lies west of the Hudson River, which was explicitly the western extent of the West Union), Hoosick, Kingsbury, "Little Hoosack" (unknown; presumably near Hoosick), Saratoga, "Scorticook" (possibly Schaghticoke), Skeensborough (now Whitehall), and "Upper-White-Creek" (probably White Creek).[42] The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown, as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose; the map uses the common interpretation.
  5. ^ The treaty established the boundaries of the new country, from the Bay of Fundy: up the "St. Croix River" (which river this referred to was disputed) to its source; north to the height of the land (the "Northwest Angle of Nova Scotia"); along the height of the land to the "northwesternmost Head" of the Connecticut River (which source this referred to was disputed); down that to 45° north; west to the St. Lawrence River; up that to the Great Lakes, through Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, Lake Erie, the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior; to "Long Lake" (which lake this referred to was disputed) towards the Lake of the Woods; to the northwest angle of the Lake of the Woods; then west to the Mississippi River. However, the Lake of the Woods was north of the source of the Mississippi River; maps universally show this undefined border as a straight line, nearly straight south, between the two points. From there, it followed the Mississippi River down to 31° north; east to the Chattahoochee River; down that to the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers; a line from there to the source of the St. Mary's River; then down that to the Atlantic Ocean.[51]
  6. ^ The boundaries of Frankland were never defined; the map uses the common depiction of it.
  7. ^ Massachusetts's ceded claim was a strip of land west of New York and Pennsylvania stretching to the Mississippi River, bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony's original charter: on the north by a line west from one league north of Lake Winnipesaukee, and on the south by a line west from Massachusetts' southwest corner.[45]
  8. ^ Connecticut's ceded claim was a strip of land west of 120 miles west of Pennsylvania (the western border of its Western Reserve) stretching to the Mississippi River, bounded by 41° north and the southern edge of Massachusetts's western claim, roughly 42°2′ north.[45]
  9. ^ Massachusetts's ceded claim was the portion of New York 82 miles west of where the Delaware River left New York, to an unclear western boundary, with one source saying it was as far as one mile east of the Niagara River.[45]
  10. ^ The new North Carolina–federal border was, from the north, southwest along various ridges of the Great Smoky Mountains; however, issues caused surveyors to eventually run a line roughly due south rather than continue along the ridge.[19]
  11. ^ The new New York–Vermont border was, from the north: Lake Champlain, the Poultney River, then south following borders of townships.[32]
  12. ^ The new Kentucky–Virginia border was, from the south: north along the Cumberland Mountains and Pine Mountain to the Russell Fork; northeast to the Tug Fork; then down that to the Big Sandy River and to the Ohio River.[84]
  13. ^ The new Indiana Territory–Northwest Territory border was, from the south, a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery, then north.[97]
  14. ^ The new Georgia–federal border was, from the south, up the Chattahoochee River to its great bend (near West Point), then a line from there towards and past Nickajack. The border's description said it would go until it reached the Tennessee River, and follow that up the river to Tennessee, but the river lay entirely within Tennessee.[12]
  15. ^ There was some question as to whether the purchase also included the basins of the Missouri River and the Red River of the North, but the question was not relevant before the Treaty of 1818 definitively settled the border. Maps universally show the purchase including the Missouri River basin but excluding the Red River basin.[105]
  16. ^ The western border of West Florida was a series of waterways, mainly the Mississippi, Iberville, and Amite Rivers, and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas.[106]
  17. ^ The new Illinois Territory–Indiana Territory border was, from the south, the Wabash River up to Post Vincennes, then north.[113]
  18. ^ The northwestern remainder of Orleans Territory presumably rejoined Louisiana Territory, as its extent was still vaguely defined.
  19. ^ Indiana was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River, but while the territory's line turned north at Post Vincennes, the state's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth. The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan, until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio's western border, which was a line drawn north from the mouth of the Great Miami River.[97]
  20. ^ The new Alabama Territory–Mississippi Territory border was, from the north: up the Tennessee River to Bear Creek (around today's Pickwick Lake); a line to the northwestern corner of Washington County, Mississippi Territory; then south.[128]
  21. ^ The new Arkansaw Territory–Missouri Territory border was, from where the Mississippi River meets 36° north: west to the St. Francis River, up that to 36°30′ north, then west.[121]
  22. ^ The new border was, from the Gulf of Mexico: up the Sabine River to 32° north; north to the Red River; up that to 100° west; north to the Arkansas River; up that to its source; north to 42° north; then west to the Pacific Ocean.[106]
  23. ^ The new Missouri–federal border was, from the mouth of the Des Moines River: up the river to a point west of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi River, west to a point north of the mouth of the Kansas River, then south.[121]
  24. ^ The new Arkansas Territory–federal border, from the north, a line from the southwestern corner of Missouri to a point on the Arkansas River "100 paces east" of Fort Smith, as the border of the lands of the Eastern Choctaw, then south.[137] However, the Arkansas Supreme Court determined in 1909 that the "100 paces east" was a clerical error, and that logically it should have said "100 paces west".[150]
  25. ^ The new Michigan Territory–Wisconsin Territory border was, from Lake Superior: up the Montreal River to Lac Vieux Desert; a line to the source of the Menominee River; then down that to Green Bay. However, this definition was impossible: The Montreal River ended long before it reached Lac Vieux Desert. The issue would be resolved in 1850.[111]
  26. ^ The new northeastern border was, from Passamaquoddy Bay: up the St. Croix River to its source; north to the St. John River; up that to the St. Francis River; up that to its source outlet at Lake Pohenegamook; southwest to the northwest branch of the St. John River; a line from there to where the St. John River crosses 46°25’ north; up the river to its source; along the highlands to the source of Halls Stream, then down that to 45° north.[140][15]
  27. ^ The new northern border was, from Lake Superior: up the Pigeon River to the many lakes and rivers of the Boundary Waters, eventually reaching the Rainy River; then down that to the Lake of the Woods.[170]
  28. ^ The new Wisconsin–Wisconsin Territory border was, from Lake Superior: up the St. Louis River to its first rapids; south to the St. Croix River; then down that to the Mississippi River.[158]
  29. ^ The new international border was, from the Rio Grande: along the southern and western border of New Mexico until it meets the Gila River; down that to the Colorado River; then a line to a point one league south of the port of San Diego. However, the southern border of New Mexico was in question, with the US claim being 31°52′ north, and the Mexican claim being 32°22′ north.[188]
  30. ^ The new California–federal border was, from the north: south along 120° west to 39° north; a line to where the Colorado River intersects 35° north; then down the Colorado River.[3]
  31. ^ The new Texas–federal border was, from the south: up the Rio Grande to 32° north; east to 103° west; north to 36°30′ north; then east.[175]
  32. ^ The borders of New Mexico Territory were, from where its border with Texas ended at 36°30′ north and 103° west: north to 38° north; west to the summit of the San Juan Mountains (called then the Sierra Madre); south along the ridge to 37° north; then west.[204]
  33. ^ The new international border was, starting from where the Rio Grande crosses 31°47′ north: west 100 miles; south to 31°20′ north; west to 111° west; a line to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River; then up the Colorado River.[213]
  34. ^ The new Minnesota–federal border was, from the north: up the Red River to the Bois de Sioux River; up that to Lake Traverse and its southern tip; a line to Big Stone Lake and through that to its southern tip; then south.[170]
  35. ^ The new Oregon–Washington Territory border was, from the north, up the Snake River to the mouth of the Owyhee River, then south.[191]
  36. ^ The claimed borders of Jefferson Territory were between 37° north, 43° north, 102° west, and 110° west.[225]
  37. ^ The borders of Colorado Territory were parallels 37° north and 41° north, and Washington meridians 25° west and 32° west.[231]
  38. ^ The new Nebraska Territory–Dakota Territory border was, from the east: up the Missouri River to the Niobrara River; up that to the Keya Paha River; up that to 43° north; then west.[211]
  39. ^ The decree transferred land from the left bank of the Blackstone River to Rhode Island, including what is now East Providence, in exchange land around Fall River being transferred to Massachusetts.[14]
  40. ^ The Virginia counties that became West Virginia were: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jackson, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, McDowell, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mercer, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pendleton, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, and Wyoming.[260]
  41. ^ The new Idaho Territory–Montana Territory border was, from the north: south along 39° west from Washington to the crest of the Bitterroot Range and the Rocky Mountains; along that to 44°30′ north; east to 34° west from Washington; north to 45° north; then east.[264]
  42. ^ The new Dakota Territory–Idaho Territory border was, from the south: north along 33° west from Washington to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, then northwest along that to the new tripoint with Montana Territory.[235]
  43. ^ The borders of the Department of Alaska were, from the Dixon Entrance: Up the Portland Channel to 56° north; then along the "summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast" (the definition of which was disputed) to 141° west; then north.[275]
  44. ^ The borders of Wyoming Territory were parallels 41° north and 45° north, and Washington meridians 27° west and 34° west.[284]
  45. ^ The new Oklahoma Territory–federal border was, from where the Red River meets 98° west: north to the Canadian River; down that to Seminole land; north along that border to the North Canadian River; down that to Creek land; north and east along that border to 96° west; then north. This omits the Cherokee Outlet, whose complex borders separated the main portion of Oklahoma Territory from the former Public Land Strip.[308]

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Further reading