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Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills

The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.

In many Indo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.[1] Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects.[citation needed]

People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.[2][3]

Voiced alveolar trill

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar trill:

dental (behind the upper front teeth),
alveolar (at the alveolar ridge), or
post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).

Occurrence

A trill extended for about 2 seconds, captured in slow motion to reveal the individual 36–44 Hz tongue oscillations.

Dental

Alveolar

Post-alveolar

Variable

Voiced alveolar fricative trill

In Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r, there is another laminal trill, written ř, in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised. It is thus partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ], and some speakers tend to pronounce it as [rʐ], [ɾʒ], or [ɹʒ]. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.[42] (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:

Examples

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  2. ^ Chaubal & Dixit (2011), pp. 270–272.
  3. ^ Mayo Clinic (2012).
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 228.
  5. ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76, Szende (1999), p. 104
  6. ^ Bender (1969), p. xv
  7. ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary".
  8. ^ Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF), retrieved April 19, 2013[dead link]
  9. ^ a b c Skalozub (1963), p. ?; cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 221
  10. ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 117.
  11. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  12. ^ 湖北方言里有颤音r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect), 1984, retrieved 26 December 2020
  13. ^ 中国人能发大舌音"RR" ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )
  14. ^ Pultrová (2013), p. 22.
  15. ^ Torp (2001), p. 78.
  16. ^ Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. University of Wales Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781783162086.
  17. ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), pp. 14–18
  18. ^ Arvaniti (2010), pp. 3–4.
  19. ^ "βορράς", Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database, Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, archived from the original on 13 April 2021, retrieved 5 March 2014
  20. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  21. ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165
  22. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  23. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  24. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  25. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  26. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  27. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  28. ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
  29. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  30. ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 135.
  31. ^ Greenberg (2006), pp. 17 and 20.
  32. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  33. ^ Schachter and Reid (2008)
  34. ^ a b Kleine (2003), p. 263
  35. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
  36. ^ Recasens & Pallarès (1995), p. 288.
  37. ^ a b L.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03, retrieved 2013-11-24
  38. ^ Bender (1969), p. xvii-xviii
  39. ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary".
  40. ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary".
  41. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 53
  42. ^ For example, Ladefoged (1971).
  43. ^ Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
  44. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
  45. ^ Lodge (2009), p. 46.
  46. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
  47. ^ van Driem, George. The Grammar of Dzongkha (PDF). Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  48. ^ a b Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from the original on 2013-11-13, retrieved 2013-11-06
  50. ^ a b Grønnum (2005), p. 157
  51. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004), p. ?
  52. ^ Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.
  53. ^ Scutt, C. A. (November 1913). "The Tsakonian Dialect". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 19: 20. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163. S2CID 163493476.

References

Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-87022-070-5

External links