Proto-Germanic folklore

Proto-Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology, legendry, and folk beliefs of early Germanic culture. By way of the comparative method, Germanic philologists, a variety of historical linguist, have proposed reconstructions of entities, locations, and concepts with various levels of security in early Germanic folklore (reconstructions are indicated by the presence of an asterisk). The present article includes both reconstructed forms and proposed motifs from the early Germanic period.

Linguistic reconstructions can be obtained via comparison between the various Germanic languages, comparison with related words in other Indo-European languages, especially Celtic and Baltic, comparison with borrowings into neighbouring language families such as Uralic, or via a combination of those methods. This allows linguists to project some terms back to the Proto-Germanic period despite their attestation in only one Germanic language; for instance, *saidaz ('magic') is only attested in Old Norse seiðr, but has parallels in Proto-Celtic *soytos and Lithuanian saitas.

Deities

Entities

Locations

Other

Notes

^ a b c Koch 2020, p. 139.
^ a b c d e f g Koch 2020, p. 140.
^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 43.
^ a b Sermon 2008, p. 338-339.
^ a b West 2007, pp. 217–218.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 20.
^ a b c Falluomini 2017.
^ a b c Simek 1984, pp. 31–32.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 33.
^ a b de Vries 1962, p. 24.
^ a b Orel 2003, pp. 33–34.
^ Simek 1996, p. 26.
^ Simek 1993, p. 59-60, 7, 139.
^ Simek 1993, p. 7.
^ Simek 1993, p. 139.
^ Simek 1984, p. 11.
^ a b Rosenfeld & Hauck 1984.
^ de Vries 1962, p. 142.
^ a b c d e f g Orel 2003, p. 112.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 153.
^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 152–153.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 114.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 155.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Friday, n. and adv.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 118.
^ a b Orel 2003, p. 129.
^ a b c d de Vries 1962, p. 159.
^ Orel 2003, pp. 129, 147.
^ Rübekeil 2002, p. 603.
^ Simek 1993, pp. 100–101.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Orel 2003, p. 151.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 239.
^ a b c Simek 1984, p. 185.
^ a b de Vries 1957, pp. 321–322.
^ Orel 2003, p. 191.
^ a b c d Simek 1984, pp. 185, 198.
^ a b c d e f g de Vries 1962, p. 678.
^ a b Lehmann 1986, p. 100.
^ a b c d e f de Vries 1962, pp. 286, 679.
^ a b c d e f g Lehmann 1986, p. 244.
^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 367.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 270.
^ a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. moon, n.1
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 365.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Monday, n. and adv.
^ a b c Puhvel 1987, p. 205.
^ a b c Simek & 2007 [1993], p. 230.
^ Magnússon 1989, p. 671.
^ Hopkins 2012, p. 39.
^ a b Orel 2003, p. 385.
^ Magnússon 1989, pp. 463–464.
^ a b c Orel 2003, pp. 361, 385, 387.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, pp. 463–464.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Sunday, n. and adv.
^ a b c d e f g Orel 2003, p. 408.
^ Lehmann 1986, p. 352.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 519.
^ Simek 1984, pp. 413, 420.
^ West 2007, p. 167 n. 8.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Tuesday, n. and adv.
^ de Vries 1957, pp. 363–364.
^ Simek 1984, p. 418.
^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 129.
^ de Vries 1962, p. 602.
^ a b c Simek 1984, p. 251.
^ de Vries 1957, pp. 11–14.
^ Delamarre 2003, p. 290; Matasović 2009, p. 384.
^ Jackson 2002, p. 61-102.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Thursday, n. and adv.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 274.
^ Puhvel 1987, p. 63.
^ Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 129–130.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 469.
^ West 2007, p. 137.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 592.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. Wednesday, n. and adv.
^ a b Orel 2003, p. 474.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 633.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 599.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 475.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 600.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 13.
^ Burgundian's status as an East Germanic language remains unclear.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 15.
^ Orel 2003, p. 21.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 16; Simek 1984, p. 25; Orel 2003, p. 21; Kroonen 2013, p. 30
^ a b Orel 2003, p. 20–21.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 30.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 72.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 96.
^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 114–115.
^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 96, 114.
^ Simek 1993, p. 171.
^ de Vries 1962, p. 77.
^ a b c d e f g h i Koch 2020, p. 142.
^ a b c d e f g h i Koch 2020, p. 144.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 81.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. dwarf, n. and adj.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 112.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 86.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 262.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 163.
^ a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. ghost, n.
^ a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003, p. 145.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. god, n. and int.
^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 193–194.
^ Orel 2003, pp. 144–145.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 241.
^ a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021 s.v. mare, n.2.
^ Derksen 2007, p. 324.
^ Derksen 2007, pp. 302, 324.
^ TLFi, s.v. cauchemar.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 287.
^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 390.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 343.
^ a b c d e Kroonen 2013, p. 447.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 429.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 552.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 472.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 442.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 569.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. † walkyrie, n.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 463.
^ a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. werewolf, n.
^ a b de Vries 1962, p. 646.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 463, 450.
^ a b c DEAF G:334–338.
^ FEW 17:569.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, pp. 15, 452; Kroonen 2013, p. 578
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 578.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 99.
^ a b c d e f Kroonen 2013, p. 136.
^ a b West 2007, p. 241.
^ a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003, p. 156.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. hell, n. and int.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 204.
^ a b c d e f g h Orel 2003, p. 169.
^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 220.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. heaven, n.
^ Kroonen 2013, pp. 206, 220.
^ a b c d e Hopkins & Haukur 2011, p. 14-17.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 573.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 264.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. † middenerd, n.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 462.
^ a b Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. world, n.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 14.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 22.
^ a b Simek 1996, p. 255.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 51.
^ de Vries 1962, p. 45.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 70.
^ a b c d e f Orel 2003, p. 50.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 143.
^ Simek 2007, pp. 93–94.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 124.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 164.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 194.
^ Mills, A. D. (1992). A Dictionary of English Place Names (2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 142. ISBN 0-19-869156-4.
^ a b Poirier 2007, p. 299-207.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 161.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 164.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 211.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 155.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 194.
^ Kroonen 2013, p. 256.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 190.
^ a b c d e f g h i Orel 2003, p. 205.
^ a b c d Lehmann 1986, p. 211.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, pp. 205–206.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 311.
^ a b c d e f Orel 2003, p. 244.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 249.
^ a b c Kroonen 2013, p. 341.
^ a b Orel 2003, p. 266.
^ Watkins 1995, p. 429.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 379.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 283.
^ a b c Koch 2020, p. 141.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Orel 2003, p. 310.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 313.
^ a b c d Kroonen 2013, p. 421.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 314.
^ a b c d e Kroonen 2013, p. 439.
^ Koch 2020, p. 137.
^ de Vries 1962, p. 481.
^ Oxford English Dictionary 2021, s.v. scold, n.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 386.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 562.
^ a b c Orel 2003, p. 398.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 504.
^ Koch 2020, p. 119.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 402.
^ a b c d Orel 2003, p. 406.
^ a b Kroonen 2013, p. 516.
^ Lehmann 1986, p. 13.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 603.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 618.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Orel 2003, p. 465.
^ a b c d e f Kroonen 2013, p. 585.
^ Orel 2003, pp. 465–466.
^ a b c d e Kroonen 2013, p. 586.
^ a b c d e Orel 2003, p. 468.
^ a b c de Vries 1962, p. 416.

References

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Proto-Germanic folklore

Deities

Entities

Locations

Other

See also

Notes

References