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Список людей, которым Дональд Трамп предоставил помилование

За время своего пребывания на посту президента Соединенных Штатов (20 января 2017 г. — 20 января 2021 г.) Дональд Трамп предоставил исполнительное помилование 237 лицам, обвиняемым или осужденным за федеральные уголовные преступления , используя свое право помилования в соответствии со статьей II, разделом 2 Конституции . Обычно все просьбы о помиловании со стороны исполнительной власти за федеральные преступления направляются в Управление прокурора по вопросам помилования (OPA) в Министерстве юстиции США для рассмотрения; однако Трамп часто обходил OPA, и большинство его помилований со стороны исполнительной власти были предоставлены осужденным с хорошими связями, которые не подавали прошение в OPA или не соответствовали требованиям OPA. [1] [2] В целом Трамп предоставил меньше помилований, чем многие современные президенты. [3]

Из помилований и смягчений наказания, которые Трамп действительно предоставил, подавляющее большинство было предоставлено лицам, с которыми у Трампа были личные или политические связи, или лицам, для которых помилование со стороны исполнительной власти служило политической цели. [2] [3] [4] Значительное число было осуждено за мошенничество или государственную коррупцию. [5] The New York Times сообщила, что в последние дни президентства Трампа лица, имеющие доступ к администрации, такие как бывшие должностные лица администрации, собирали плату за лоббирование президентских помилований. [6]

Фон

Полномочия президента США по помилованию вытекают из статьи II Конституции Соединенных Штатов . Помилование «может принимать различные формы, включая помилование , смягчение приговора , освобождение от штрафа или возмещение ущерба и отсрочку», [7] причем две наиболее часто используемые формы — помилование или смягчение. Помилование — это официальное прощение за признанное преступление. После вынесения помилования все дальнейшие наказания за преступление отменяются. [ 8 ] Президент может предоставлять помилования только за федеральные преступления. [9] Когда президент смягчает приговор, он уменьшает тяжесть приговора, не отменяя самого обвинительного приговора; например, смягчение может сократить или отменить тюремный срок, оставляя другие наказания нетронутыми. [7] Полномочие помилования — это «одно из самых неограниченных полномочий, предоставленных президенту Конституцией». [1]

Использование Трампом исполнительного помилования

В течение 125 лет главным советником президента по вопросам помилования было Управление помилования Министерства юстиции (OPA), которое обычно рассматривает все прошения о помиловании. [1] Трамп часто обходил OPA и, в отличие от предыдущих президентов, предоставил большую часть своих помилований «правонарушителям с хорошими связями, которые не подавали прошения в управление помилования или не соответствовали его требованиям». [1] В конечном итоге из 237 помилований Трампа только 25 прошли через процесс Управления помилования (который к концу президентства Трампа имел задолженность в 14 000 заявлений); остальные получатели помилований попали в поле зрения Трампа в ходе специального процесса в Белом доме Трампа, который приносил пользу заявителям на помилование деньгами или связями с союзниками, друзьями и членами семьи Трампа. [4] Большинство помилований и смягчений наказания Трампом были предоставлены людям, имеющим с ним личные или политические связи. [10]

По сравнению с другими президентами, Трамп предоставлял помилования в низких процентах, причем основная часть была предоставлена ​​​​позднее в течение его срока. Из помилований Трампа 84% были предоставлены в его последний финансовый год пребывания в должности, [11] причем 144 (60%) из его 237 помилований были предоставлены в его последнюю ночь в должности; список был «составлен так поспешно, что содержал неточную информацию о некоторых случаях». [12] Эксперты по правовым вопросам выразили обеспокоенность тем, что Трамп «полагался на свои личные связи, а не на установленный Министерством юстиции процесс рассмотрения дел при поиске осужденных, заслуживающих помилования». [13] Анализ, проведенный в конце декабря 2020 года Джеком Голдсмитом из Гарвардской школы права, определил, что «семь из 94 помилований Трампа были предоставлены по рекомендации адвоката по помилованию» и «по крайней мере 84 из 94 помилований Трампа имели личную или политическую связь с президентом». [2] 19 февраля 2020 года сенатор от Вермонта Патрик Лихи запросил информацию о процессе, который Трамп использовал при принятии решения о помиловании 11 человек накануне. [14] [15] В ответ на критику его действий в обход Закона о правах человека (OPA) Трамп заявил, что он является «главным сотрудником правоохранительных органов страны». [13]

Бывший сотрудник Министерства юстиции и прокурор по расследованию Мюллера Эндрю Вайсман отметил, что формулировки помилований Трампа различались: от широкого помилования Майкла Флинна до более узких помилований для нескольких других, включая Пола Манафорта и Роджера Стоуна , что, по мнению Вайсмана, создало «окна возможностей» для судебного преследования лиц, которые были помилованы в узком смысле. [16]

Сторонники и политические союзники

Использование Трампом права помилования было отмечено беспрецедентной степенью фаворитизма. [12] Он часто предоставлял исполнительное помилование своим сторонникам или политическим союзникам, [17] [18] или после личных обращений или кампаний в консервативных СМИ , [19] как в случаях Рода Благоевича , Майкла Милкена , Джо Арпайо , Динеша Д'Сузы и Клинта Лоренса , а также Бернарда Керика . [17] Трамп предоставил помилование пяти бывшим сотрудникам своего предвыборного штаба и политическим советникам: Полу Манафорту , Роджеру Стоуну , Майклу Флинну , Стивену К. Бэннону и Джорджу Пападопулосу . [20]

Многие из помилований Трампа подверглись критике со стороны федеральных агентов и прокуроров, которые расследовали и преследовали эти дела. [21] Помилование Трампом Стоуна в июле 2020 года стало первым случаем, когда Трамп помиловал «фигуру, напрямую связанную с предвыборной кампанией президента». [17] Представители Джерролд Надлер и Кэролин Б. Мэлони , которые возглавляют два комитета Палаты представителей, заявили, что «ни один другой президент не использовал право помилования в столь явно личных и корыстных целях», и заявили, что они расследуют, было ли смягчение приговора Стоуну наградой за защиту Трампа. [17] Большинство выборных должностных лиц-республиканцев хранили молчание по поводу смягчения приговора Трампом Стоуну. [18] Исключением были сенаторы-республиканцы Митт Ромни , который назвал смягчение приговора «беспрецедентной, исторической коррупцией», и Пэт Туми , который назвал смягчение приговора «ошибкой», отчасти из-за тяжести преступлений, за которые был осужден Стоун. [17] [22] [23]

Запросы знаменитостей

В 2018 году по просьбе знаменитости Ким Кардашьян Трамп смягчил пожизненное заключение Элис Мари Джонсон , осужденной за торговлю наркотиками. [24] В августе 2020 года он помиловал Джонсон после того, как она похвалила его лидерство в предвыборном видеоролике на Республиканском национальном съезде 2020 года . [25] [26]

Военнослужащие, обвиняемые или осужденные за военные преступления

Трамп предоставил исполнительное помилование трем военнослужащим США, осужденным или обвиняемым в военных преступлениях в Ираке и Афганистане . [27] Трамп предоставил помилование вопреки рекомендациям высшего военного руководства и руководства Министерства обороны, а также военных юристов США. [27] Критики заявляют, что помилование Трампом офицеров подрывает военную дисциплину , представляет собой ненадлежащее вмешательство в систему военного правосудия США и ставит под сомнение приверженность США праву вооруженных конфликтов . [28] [29] [30] Напряженность между Трампом и Министерством обороны относительно вмешательства Трампа в систему военного правосудия достигла кульминации в увольнении министра ВМС Ричарда В. Спенсера . [27] [31] [32] Двое бывших военных офицеров, помилованных Трампом, появились с президентом на предвыборных мероприятиях в 2019 году. [32]

Конгрессмены

Трамп помиловал семерых конгрессменов-республиканцев, осужденных за преступления: Криса Коллинза , Дункана Д. Хантера , Стива Стокмана , Рика Рензи , Робина Хейса , Марка Силджандера и Рэндалла «Дюка» Каннингема . [20] Трамп также помиловал по меньшей мере десять руководителей здравоохранения и врачей, осужденных за крупномасштабное мошенничество с Medicare . [21] [33] Национальная ассоциация по борьбе с мошенничеством в здравоохранении раскритиковала помилование Трампом руководителей, которые организовали масштабное мошенничество с Medicare. [34]

Богатые люди

Многие состоятельные люди заплатили десятки тысяч долларов бывшим советникам Трампа за то, чтобы они лоббировали Трампа с целью предоставления помилования, минуя процесс рассмотрения Офисом прокурора по вопросам помилования. [35] [12] Бывший личный адвокат Трампа Джон М. Дауд был нанят рядом осужденных, чтобы лоббировать Трампа с целью помилования, используя его прямой доступ к Офису адвоката Белого дома Трампа. [12] Мэтт Шлапп , председатель Американского консервативного союза [12] и лоббист, близкий к администрации Трампа, [35] также лоббировал Трампа с целью помилования от имени своих клиентов, [12] [35] как и Марк Д. Коуэн, другой лоббист, связанный с администрацией. [35] Адвокат Трампа в Белом доме Пэт Чиполлоне официально отвечал за внутренний процесс помилования в Белом доме, но «ключевыми привратниками» были дочь Трампа Иванка Трамп и зять Джаред Кушнер . [12] На Трампа также оказал влияние «кухонный кабинет», в который входили Толман; председатель организации «Американцы за процветание» Марк Холден; бывший исполняющий обязанности генерального прокурора Трампа Мэтт Уитакер ; получатель помилования Трампа Элис Мари Джонсон ; и бывший адвокат Трампа Пэм Бонди , бывший генеральный прокурор Флориды . [12]

Хронология

С 2017 по 2019 год были помилованы бывший шериф Аризоны Джо Арпайо ; [36] бывший моряк ВМС Кристиан Сосье , осужденный за то, что делал секретные фотографии секретных зон внутри подводной лодки; [37] Скутер Либби , политический помощник бывшего вице-президента Дика Чейни ; [38] консервативный комментатор Динеш Д'Суза . [39] Он помиловал или отменил приговоры трем американским солдатам, осужденным или обвиняемым в военных преступлениях в Афганистане или Ираке. [40]

В ноябре и декабре 2020 года Трамп помиловал четырех охранников Blackwater , осужденных за убийство иракских мирных жителей во время бойни на площади Нисур в 2007 году ; [41] преступников из числа «белых воротничков» Майкла Милкена и Бернарда Керика ; [42] и тестя дочери Иванки Чарльза Кушнера . [10] Он также помиловал пятерых человек, осужденных в результате расследований вмешательства России в президентские выборы 2016 года: Майкла Флинна , Джорджа Пападопулоса , Алекса ван дер Цваана , [41] Роджера Стоуна , чей 40-месячный приговор за ложь Конгрессу, фальсификацию показаний и препятствование правосудию он уже смягчил в июле, и Пола Манафорта . [43]

В свой последний полный день в должности Трамп предоставил 143 помилования и смягчения наказания, в том числе своему бывшему главному стратегу Стиву Бэннону, сборщику средств Трампа Эллиотту Бройди и бывшим конгрессменам-республиканцам Рику Ренци , Роберту Хейсу и Рэндаллу «Дьюку» Каннингему . Он также смягчил приговоры десяткам людей, включая бывшего мэра Детройта Кваме Килпатрика и спортивного игрока Билли Уолтерса ; последний заплатил десятки тысяч долларов бывшему адвокату Трампа Джону М. Дауду, чтобы тот вел его дело с Трампом. [44]

Список лиц, получивших помилование от Трампа

Помилования

За четыре года своего пребывания у власти Трамп вынес в общей сложности 143 решения о помиловании : одно в 2017 году, шесть в 2018 году, восемь в 2019 году, двенадцать в 2020 году и 116 в январе 2021 года. [45]

Коммутации

Трамп вынес 94 решения об изменении наказания: одно в 2017 году, четыре в 2018 году, два в 2019 году, пять в 2020 году и 83 в январе 2021 года. [45]

Miscellaneous

In 2019, former Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher was demoted following a July 2, 2019 court martial based on accusations that he had committed a war crime. Trump later reversed his demotion.

Responses

Trump in the Oval Office with commutation recipients

In October 2019, New York enacted the TRUST Act, which was signed into law by Andrew Cuomo. Among other things, the act closed a double jeopardy provision of state law to allow state prosecutors to pursue charges for violations of New York law against individuals pardoned by the president for a violation of federal law. The New York legislation was aimed at Trump's use of the pardon power.[213] New York state attorney general Letitia James, proposed the law after multiple former Trump associates were investigated in New York state. James' office has been investigating the finances of Trump and the Trump Organization.[213] Upon passage of the law, James said that "We have a responsibility to ensure that individuals who commit crimes under New York state law are held accountable for those crimes. This critical new law closes a gaping loophole that could have allowed any president to abuse the presidential pardon power by unfairly granting a pardon to a family member or close associate and possibly allow that individual to evade justice altogether."[213]

See also

References

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