stringtranslate.com

Wessex Formation

Exposures of the Wessex and Vectis Formations in southern Dorset, shown in turquoise.

The Wessex Formation is a fossil-rich English geological formation that dates from the Berriasian to Barremian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It forms part of the Wealden Group and underlies the younger Vectis Formation and overlies the Durlston Formation.[1] The dominant lithology of this unit is mudstone with some interbedded sandstones. It is part of the strata of the Wessex Basin, exposed in both the Isle of Purbeck and the Isle of Wight. While the Purbeck sections are largely barren of vertebrate remains, the Isle of Wight sections are well known for producing the richest and most diverse fauna in Early Cretaceous Europe.

Nomenclatural history

Historically, the Wessex Formation has been called alternately the "Variegated Marls and Sandstones", a name used by W. J. Arkell in his 1947 map of the Isle of Purbeck[2] as well as the "Wealden Marls" [3] It was given its current formal name by Daley and Stewart in 1979.[4]

Stratigraphy and lithology

Introduction

Position of the Wessex Formation within the Wessex Basin succession

The Wessex Formation forms part of the Wealden Group within the Wessex Basin, an area of subsidence since Permo-Triassic times. The basin is located along southern half of the Isle of Wight and Purbeck, extending offshore into the English Channel. The Wealden Group is also exposed significantly in the Weald Basin, which has a separate stratigraphic succession. The Wealden Group is not widely present elsewhere in Britain, as these areas were tectonic highs where little to no sediment deposition was taking place. The formation has limited exposure as it has been deeply buried beneath the subsequent Lower Greensand. Selbourne and Chalk Groups, as well as being very vulnerable to erosion. It has been exposed at the surface due to the creation of anticlinal structures as a distant effect of the formation of the Pyrenees as part of the Alpine Orogeny during the Paleogene.[5]

Cornubian Massif

The major source rocks for the sediments were from the Cornubian Massif to the west, an upland region roughly equivalent to the extent of Cornwall and Devon, with occasional large dropstones transported in tree roots being found in Wealden sediments over 100 kilometres from where they originated.[6]

The Wessex Formation in the Isle of Purbeck

The exposure in of the Wessex Formation in the Isle of Purbeck is largely confined to a thin belt on the south side of the Purbeck Ridge and is best exposed at Swanage,[7] Lulworth Cove[8] and Worbarrow Bay.[9] One notable persistent horizon within the Purbeck sections of the formation is the "Coarse Quartz Grit", an up to 6 metre thick sequence of conglomeratic ironstone, with many beds including numerous centimetre sized subangular to rounded pebbles predominantly of vein derived quartz, hence the name. This horizon is present throughout the Purbeck outcrops of the Wessex Formation.[9] The transition to the Vectis Formation at Swanage is obscured by a landslip.[10]

The Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight

Wessex Formation mudstones
Wessex Formation mudstones

The Isle of Wight succession has two primary exposures, The major one being the several kilometre long section along the South West coastline around Brighstone Bay, and another smaller exposure on the South East coast near Yaverland. While the formation taken as a whole dates from the Berriasian to the Barremian, only the uppermost part of the formation is exposed on the Isle of Wight. With less than 200 metres of exposed composite stratigraphic thickness, and which dates from Hauterivian to Barremian.[11] A radiometric date has been obtained from the lower part of the succession, estimated to be 127.3 ± 2.7 million years ago.[12] This makes the formation coeval with upper portion of the Weald Clay in the Weald Basin. The primary lithology of the exposed portion of the formation on the Isle of Wight consists of featureless purple-red overbank mudstone, interbedded with sandstones. The environment of deposition was a floodplain within a narrow, east–west oriented valley.[13] The climate at the time of deposition is considered to be semi-arid, based on the presence of pedogenic calcrete nodules within the mudstones.[14] The "Pine Raft" horizon found near the base of the exposed portion of the formation includes calcitized conifer trunks up to metre in diameter and 2–3 metres long.[15]

a dinosaur footprint
Cast of a dinosaur footprint, Wessex Formation

Plant debris beds

Close up of L6 plant debris bed, showing charcoalised plant matter suspended in grey mudstone

A notable feature of the formation are the so-called "plant debris beds". These consist of a basal matrix supported conglomerate, grading upwards into grey mudstone with lignitic plant debris, including large trunk fragments of the extinct conifer Pseudofrenelopsis present in the upper portion. These were formed by sheet flood deposits induced by storms that filled pre-existing topographic lows like oxbow lakes and abandoned channels in the floodplain depositional environment.[16] The debris beds do not form a continuous horizon throughout the formation, but are laterally extensive over tens of metres. Many of the wood fragments in the debris beds are cemented together with large nodules of pyrite, suggesting depositional conditions were anoxic.[17] Most fossils within the formation are associated with the debris beds. Vertebrate fossils are mostly disarticulated individual bones and teeth, suggesting a long subaerial exposure prior to burial, though the bones lack abrasion, suggesting that they had not been significantly transported. Partial skeletons also sometimes occur, but are uncommon. Autochthonous siderite nodules are also present, which encase some of the fossils.[16] Plant debris beds also exist within the Swanage section, and one of these horizons has yielded microvertebrate remains.[10]

"Hypsilophodon bed"

Skeleton of Hypsilophodon

While most fossils are associated with the plant debris beds, a notable exception is the "Hypsilophodon bed" present near the top of the formation, an up to 1 metre thick bed of silty red-green mudstone, with two separate horizons that have produced almost exclusively over a hundred complete and articulated skeletons of the dinosaur Hypsilophodon, sometimes even with preserved tail tendons. The bed is laterally extensive, being persistent for over a kilometre. It has been recently suggested that the accumulation of skeletons were a mass mortality event caused by a crevasse splay. Just above the "Hypsilophodon bed" the red mudstones of the Wessex Formation change to the transitional light coloured sandstone "White rock" and overlying laminated grey mudstones of the Vectis Formation, caused by the changing of environmental conditions from that of a floodplain to coastal lagoon conditions.[18]

Palaeoenvironment

The palaeoenvironment of the Wessex Formation is considered to have been semi-arid, and has variously been compared to chaparral[13] or macchia[10] Mediterranean shrubland. The dominant trees were conifers of the extinct family Cheirolepidiaceae belonging to the genera Pseudofrenelopsis and Watsoniocladus, both of which have reduced xerophytic leaves adapted to arid conditions.[10] Tree cover is thought to have been thin, and concentrated near waterways.[19] The ground cover is thought to have consisted of xerophytic ferns.[10] Wildfires were common occurrences, as evidenced by preserved charred vegetation.[16]

Fauna

The Wessex Formation likely spans several million years of deposition, and not all taxa are likely to have been contemporaneous.[20]

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are commonly preserved in the Wessex Formation. Freshwater bivalves can be found including unionids such as Margaritifera, Nippononaia, and Unio. These bivalves help reconstruct what the freshwater paleoenvironment may have been like during the formation's deposition. Specimens of Viviparus, a genus of freshwater snail, have also been found. While compression fossils of insects are found in the overlying Vectis Formation, all insect fossils in the Wessex Formation are found as inclusions in amber. Amber can be found present as a rare component in plant debris beds in the Wessex formation both on the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Purbeck, however, the only significant concentration and where all of the inclusions have been found is a lag channel in the L6 plant debris horizon just south-east of Chilton Chine. Only four species from the amber have been formally described, Cretamygale chasei a mygalomorph spider, Dungeyella gavini[21] Libanodiamesa simpsoni, both chironomid midges, as well as Embolemopsis maryannae, a embolemid parasitic wasp. However a table of undescribed taxa has been given,[21] and several images of some of the undescribed taxa have been released from various sources, including multiple chironomids, and a therevid dipteran.[22]

Arthropods

Vertebrates

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians
Ankylosaurs
Neornithischians
Saurischians
Sauropods
Theropods


Fish

Cartilaginous fishes
Ray-finned fish

Mammals

Lissamphibians

Reptiles

Squamates


Neosuchians
Plesiosaurs
Turtles

Pterosaurs

Flora

Spermatophytes

Pteridophytes

See also

References

  1. ^ "Wessex Formation". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey.
  2. ^ Arkell, W. J. (1947). "The Geology of the country around Weymouth, Swanage, Corfe and Lulworth". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.
  3. ^ Osbourne White, H. J. (1921). "A short account of the geology of the Isle of Wight". Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.
  4. ^ Daley, B.; Stewart, D. J. (1979). "Weekend field meeting: The Wealden Group in the Isle of Wight". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 90: 51–54. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(79)80031-0.
  5. ^ Parrish, Randall R.; Parrish, Claire M.; Lasalle, Stephanie (May 2018). "Vein calcite dating reveals Pyrenean orogen as cause of Paleogene deformation in southern England". Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (3): 425–442. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..425P. doi:10.1144/jgs2017-107. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 134690307.
  6. ^ Sweetman, Steven C.; Goodyear, Matthew (August 2020). "A remarkable dropstone from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 301–308. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.06.005. S2CID 198408317.
  7. ^ West, Ian. "Swanage Bay and Ballard Cliff". Geology of the Wessex Coast of Southern England.
  8. ^ West, Ian. "Lulworth Cove, Dorset". Geology of the Wessex Coast of Southern England.
  9. ^ a b West, Ian. "Worbarrow Bay". Geology of the Wessex Coast of England.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Penn, Simon J.; Sweetman, Steven C.; Martill, David M.; Coram, Robert A. (November 2020). "The Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) of Swanage Bay, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (6): 679–698. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.07.005. S2CID 228820795.
  11. ^ Hughes, N.F.; McDougall, A.B. (January 1990). "New Wealden correlation for the Wessex Basin". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 101 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80208-8.
  12. ^ a b Jacobs, M. L.; Pérez-García, A.; Martín-Jiménez, M.; Mottram, C. M.; Martill, D. M.; Gale, A. S.; Mattsson, O.; Wood, C. (2023). "A well preserved pan-pleurodiran (Dortokidae) turtle from the English Lower Cretaceous and the first radiometric date for the Wessex Formation (Hauterivian-Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 150. 105590. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105590.
  13. ^ a b Insole, Allan N.; Hutt, Stephen (September 1994). "The palaeoecology of the dinosaurs of the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Early Cretaceous), Isle of Wight, Southern England". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112 (1–2): 197–215. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb00318.x.
  14. ^ Robinson, Stuart A.; Andrews, Julian E.; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Radley, Jonathan D.; Dennis, Paul F.; Harding, Ian C.; Allen, Perce (March 2002). "Atmospheric pCO 2 and depositional environment from stable-isotope geochemistry of calcrete nodules (Barremian, Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Beds, England)". Journal of the Geological Society. 159 (2): 215–224. Bibcode:2002JGSoc.159..215R. doi:10.1144/0016-764901-015. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 55188160.
  15. ^ Radley, Jonathan D.; Allen, Percival (April 2012). "The Wealden (non-marine Lower Cretaceous) of the Wessex Sub-basin, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 123 (2): 319–373. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2012.01.002.
  16. ^ a b c Sweetman, Steven C.; Insole, Allan N. (June 2010). "The plant debris beds of the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England: their genesis and palaeontological significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 292 (3–4): 409–424. Bibcode:2010PPP...292..409S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.055.
  17. ^ Radley, Jon D. (January 1994). "Stratigraphy, palaeontology and palaeoenvironment of the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) at Yaverland, Isle of Wight, southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 105 (3): 199–208. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(08)80119-8.
  18. ^ Coram, Robert A.; Radley, Jonathan D.; Martill, David M. (March 2017). "A Cretaceous calamity? The Hypsilophodon Bed of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Geology Today. 33 (2): 66–70. doi:10.1111/gto.12182. S2CID 133499912.
  19. ^ Radley, Jonathan D.; Allen, Percival (April 2012). "The southern English Wealden (non-marine Lower Cretaceous): overview of palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 123 (2): 382–385. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.12.005. ISSN 0016-7878.
  20. ^ a b Lockwood, Jeremy A. F.; Martill, David M.; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2024-12-31). "Comptonatus chasei , a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 22 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573. ISSN 1477-2019.
  21. ^ a b Jarzembowski, E.; Azar, D.; Nel, A. (2009-04-24). "A new chironomid (Insecta: Diptera) from Wealden amber (Lower Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight (UK)". Geologica Acta. 6 (3): 285–291. doi:10.1344/105.000000257. ISSN 1696-5728.
  22. ^ a b Jarzembowski, E. A. (27 March 2015). "Fossil resins from England (Conference abstract)" (PDF). Amberif 2015: SUCCINITE AND SELECTED FOSSIL RESINS OF EUROPE: LOCALITIES, PROPERTIES, ARCHAEOLOGY: 18–20.
  23. ^ Penn, Simon J.; Sweetman, Steven C. (March 2023). "Microvertebrate-rich gutter casts from the basal Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Lower Cretaceous) of Dungy Head, Dorset: Insights into the palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of a non-marine wetland". Cretaceous Research. 143: 105397. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105397. S2CID 253401972.
  24. ^ "FIRST BRITISH MESOZOIC SPIDER, FROM CRETACEOUS AMBER OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT , SOUTHERN ENGLAND". 26 September 2001.
  25. ^ "Fossil specimen : MIWG IWCMS.1994.99 – Holotype". GB3D Type Fossils.
  26. ^ Perkovsky, Evgeny E.; Olmi, Massimo; Müller, Patrick; Guglielmino, Adalgisa; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Capradossi, Leonardo; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P. (2020-11-21). "A review of the fossil Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with description of seven new species and history of the family". Cretaceous Research. 121: 104708. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104708. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 229502829.
  27. ^ Zhuang, Yuhui; Li, Jiahao; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Wang, Bo; Zhang, Qingqing (2024-02-12). "A new genus of Panguoidea in Lower Cretaceous Wealden amber". Historical Biology: 1–4. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2309637. ISSN 0891-2963.
  28. ^ Baranov, Viktor; Giłka, Wojciech; Zakrzewska, Marta; Jarzembowski, Edmund (March 2019). "New non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Lower Cretaceous Wealden amber of the Isle of Wight (UK)". Cretaceous Research. 95: 138–145. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.012. S2CID 131766366.
  29. ^ Legalov, A & A. Jarzembowski, Edmund. (2017). First record of a weevil (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae) from the Lower Cretaceous (Wealden) of southern England. Cretaceous Research. 82. 10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.006.
  30. ^ Lockwood, Jeremy A. F.; Martill, David M.; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2021-11-10). "A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (12): 847–888. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 244067410.
  31. ^ a b c d Sweetman, Steven C. (March 2016). "A comparison of Barremian–early Aptian vertebrate assemblages from the Jehol Group, north-east China and the Wealden Group, southern Britain: the value of microvertebrate studies in adverse preservational settings". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 96 (1): 149–167. doi:10.1007/s12549-015-0217-9. ISSN 1867-1594. S2CID 129956539.
  32. ^ McDonald, Andrew T. (2011). "The status of Dollodon and other basal iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Wealden beds (Lower Cretaceous) of Europe". Cretaceous Research. 33: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.03.002.
  33. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Martill, David M.; Munt, Martin; Green, Mick; Penn, Mark; Smith, Shaun (2023-09-13). "Vectidromeus insularis, a new hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, England". Cretaceous Research. 154: 105707. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105707. ISSN 0195-6671.
  34. ^ a b c d "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 271.
  35. ^ Campbell, Amy, Paul Upchurch, and Phillip D. Mannion. The anatomy and relationships of Eucamerotus foxi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of England. No. e3247v1. PeerJ Preprints, 2017.
  36. ^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 261.
  37. ^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 266.
  38. ^ a b "Sauropod dinosaurs". Field Guide to English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association. 2011.
  39. ^ Naish, Darren; Martill, David M.; Cooper, David; Stevens, Kent A. (December 2004). "Europe's largest dinosaur? A giant brachiosaurid cervical vertebra from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England". Cretaceous Research. 25 (6): 787–795. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.07.002.
  40. ^ Larkin, N. R., Green, M., Lomax, D. R., Cocks, A. and Schouten, R. 2019. Making a complete record of early Cretaceous (late Barremian early Aptian) rebbachisaur Sauropoda, Rebbachisauridae) remains found on the Isle of Wight, UK, including unpublished material. The Annual Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy. Vol 67.
  41. ^ Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Hutt, Stephen (December 2011). "New rebbachisaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) material from the Wessex Formation (Barremian, Early Cretaceous), Isle of Wight, United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 32 (6): 774–780. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.05.005.
  42. ^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.
  43. ^ a b "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
  44. ^ a b Barker CT, Hone DW, Naish D, Cau A, Lockwood JA, Foster B, Clarkin CE, Schneider P, Gostling NJ (2021). "New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): Article number 19340. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1119340B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8. PMC 8481559. PMID 34588472.
  45. ^ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 112.
  46. ^ Benson, Roger B. J.; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Hutt, Stephen; Naish, Darren (2009). "A new large basal tetanuran (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wessex Formation (Barremian) of the Isle Of Wight, England". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 612–615. doi:10.1671/039.029.0202. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 83869634.
  47. ^ "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.
  48. ^ a b Naish, D. (2014, June 3). "Ostrich dinosaurs invade Europe! Or do they?". Retrieved from https://blogs.scientificamerican.com
  49. ^ Mortimer, M. (2014, May 26). "Is Thecocoelurus an ornithomimosaur?". Retrieved from http://theropoddatabase.blogspot.co.uk
  50. ^ Darren, Naish (23 March 2020). "Theropod Dinosaurs of the English Wealden, Some Questions (Part 1)". Tetrapod Zoology. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
  51. ^ Rauhut, O.W.M.; Milner, A.C.; Moore-Fay, S. (2010). "Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (1): 155–195. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x.
  52. ^ a b Sweetman, Steven C.; Goedert, Jean; Martill, David M. (November 2014). "A preliminary account of the fishes of the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England: Wealden Group fishes". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (3): 872–896. doi:10.1111/bij.12369.
  53. ^ FOREY, P. and SWEETMAN S. C. 2011. Bony fishes. 225–235. In Batten D. J. (Ed.) Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 14. English Wealden fossils. The Palaeontological Association, London, 769 pp.
  54. ^ a b Sweetman, Steven C. (September 2009). "A New Species of the Plagiaulacoid Multituberculate MammalEobaatarfrom the Early Cretaceous of Southern Britain". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 373–384. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0003. ISSN 0567-7920. S2CID 53975359.
  55. ^ a b SWEETMAN S. C. and HOOKER, J. J. 2011. Mammals. 560–580. In Batten D. J. (Ed.) Palaeontological Association Field Guide to Fossils, 14. English Wealden fossils. The Palaeontological Association, London, 769 pp.
  56. ^ SWEETMAN, STEVEN C. (November 2008). "A Spalacolestine Spalacotheriid (Mammalia, Trechnotheria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of Southern England and ITS Bearing on Spalacotheriid Evolution". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1367–1385. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00816.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 129073740.
  57. ^ a b c d e Sweetman, S. C. 2006. The tetrapod microbiota of the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, UK. 127-129. In: Barrett, P. M. and Evans, S. E. (eds.) 2006. Ninth international symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and biota, abstracts and proceedings. 187 pp.
  58. ^ a b "A new albanerpetontid amphibian from the Barremian (Early Cretaceous) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
  59. ^ Salisbury, S.W.; Naish, D. (2011). "Crocodilians". In Batten, D.J. (ed.). English Wealden Fossils. The Palaeontological Association. pp. 305–369.
  60. ^ Ristevski, Jorgo; Young, Mark T.; de Andrade, Marco Brandalise; Hastings, Alexander K. (April 2018). "A new species of Anteophthalmosuchus (Crocodylomorpha, Goniopholididae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom, and a review of the genus". Cretaceous Research. 84: 340–383. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.11.008. ISSN 0195-6671.
  61. ^ a b Sweetman, S.C.; Pedreira-Segade, U.; Vidovic, S.U. (2014). "A new bernissartiid crocodyliform from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation (Wealden Group, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, southern England" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00038.2013. S2CID 54789464. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
  62. ^ a b KEAR, B. P. and BARRETT, P. M. (2011), Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161: 663–691. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00648.x
  63. ^ Pérez-García, A. (August 2012). "High diversity of pancryptodiran turtles in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe". Cretaceous Research. 36: 67–82. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.004.
  64. ^ Martill, David M.; Coram, Robert A. (August 2020). "Additional evidence for very large wing-span pterosaurs in the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of southern England". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 293–300. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.05.002. S2CID 182649986.
  65. ^ Martill, David M.; Green, Mick; Smith, Roy; Jacobs, Megan; Winch, John (April 2020). "First tapejarid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Wealden Group: Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the United Kingdom". Cretaceous Research. 113: 104487. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104487. S2CID 219099220.

External links